Skip to main content
. 2017 Mar 24;5(1):e000337. doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000337

Table 2.

Comparison of prevalence of depression between the Korean Americans (≥35 years old) with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C ≥7.0%) at baseline in our clinical study, the comparison group (Americans with the same conditions as Korean Americans), and the standard group (Americans with A1C <5.7% and not being diagnosed of diabetes, pre-diabetes or type 1 diabetes) in the NHANES

Depression\groups Korean Americans† (n=249) Comparison group‡
 Standard group§ (n=6880)
Total (n=1707) Whites (n=537) Blacks (n=574) Mexican (n=314) Hispanic (n=161) Others (n=121)
Experienced at least once a week in the past 2 weeks (%):¶

  1. Little interest or pleasure doing things

 49.8*** 27.7 27.4 28.9 26.8 38.4 18.2 20.1

  • 2. Feeling down, depressed, or hopeless

 39.4*** 25.5 23.9 24.7 32.5 39.0 19.4 20.6

  • 3. Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much

 59.0*** 40.9 42.9 36.2 35.0 44.1 44.0 38.6

  • 4. Feeling tired or having little energy

 70.3*** 53.9 58.2 47.2 45.8 49.8 54.5 46.5

  • 5. Poor appetite or overeating

 55.4*** 26.4 27.1 25.9 21.9 37.0 19.9 19.7

  • 6. Feeling bad about yourself or that you are a failure or have let yourself or your family down

 28.5*** 18.4 18.0 17.5 18.1 29.1 15.8 16.0

  • 7. Trouble concentrating on things, such as reading the newspaper or watching television

 29.3*** 15.9 15.8 15.8 12.6 26.9 12.6 15.6

  • 8. Moving or speaking so slowly that other people could have noticed. Or the opposite being so fidgety or restless than usual

 17.3 13.9 12.0 14.2 12.7 29.9 15.7 8.2

  • 9. Thoughts that you would be better off dead, or of hurting yourself

 16.9*** 5.0 4.2 5.5 4.7 13.1 3.8 2.8

  • 10. Have these problems made it difficult for you to do your work, take care of things at home, or get along with other people?

 24.4 33.6 33.2 30.0 33.3 35.1 46.1 26.6
PHQ-9, mean (SE) 5.1 (0.3)*** 3.7 (0.1) 3.6 (0.2) 3.7 (0.3) 3.6 (0.3) 5.0 (0.7) 3.1 (0.5) 2.7 (0.1)
Status, χ2 statistics 23.6*** – – – – – – –
Normal (PHQ-9<5) (%) 55.8 71.3 71.9 71.9 71.0 60.2 74.3 79.9
Mild (PHQ-9: 5–9) (%) 29.3 17.2 16.9 16.6 18.0 20.1 17.5 13.8
Clinical (PHQ-9 ≥10) (%) 14.9 11.5 11.2 11.5 11.0 19.7 8.2 6.3

***p<0.001 for unweighted test statistics compared with the comparison group total.

†At baseline.

‡N=11 767 732.

§N=80 651 898.

¶Recoded as 0 if the score was 0, and 1 otherwise.

NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9.