Table 3.
Gender differences in mental health
| Variable | Female university students M (SD) |
Male university students M (SD) |
Significancea |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSQI—sleep quality for all students | 7.33 (3.77) | 6.94 (3.47) | F (1, 2593) = 6.17; p = .013* |
| ESS—daytime sleepi-ness for all students | 8.59 (3.75) | 7.63 (3.59) | F (1, 2573) = 33.73; p = .000** |
| MEQ—chronotype for all students | 46.85 (9.38) | 44.22 (9.82) | F (1, 2781) = 38.34; p = .000** |
| PHQ-9—depression for all students | 7.54 (4.80) | 6.56 (4.81) | F (1, 2632) = 21.02; p = .000** |
| PHQ—stress for all students | 5.39 (3.22) | 4.62 (2.84) | F (1, 2613) = 52.23; p = .000** |
| SIAS—social phobia for all students | 23.62 (10.59) | 23.96 (10.82) | F (1, 2573) = 0.47; p = .495 |
| PAF—test-anxiety for all students | 44.90 (6.71) | 43.71 (9.82) | F (1, 2693) = 19.12; p = .000** |
| SWE—self-efficacy for all students | 28.19 (4.76) | 29.18 (5.21) | F (1, 2593) = 21.99; p = .000** |
aAccording to MANOVA; * p ≤ .05; ** p < .01