Table 1.
Examples of the enzyme-assisted extraction of biologically active compounds from the biomass of macroalgae and their applications.
| Enzyme | Alga | Extracted Compound | Method | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrase 0.8 L (endoprotease—neutral Bacillus amyloliquefaciens protease) | Sargassum coreanum (B) | crude polysaccharide (fucose, galactose, and glucose) | 50 g A, 5 g E, 0.2 M PB, pH 8, 50 °C, 12 h | inhibitory activities against cancer cell growth, induction of apoptosis in HL-60 tumor cells | [7] |
| Alginate lyase (combined extraction method: enzyme pre-treated Undaria after centrifugation was used to extract fucoxanthin and lipids using organic solvents) | Undaria pinnatifida (B) | fucoxanthin, lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acid | 0.05% (v/w) A, 10 mg/mL E, 0.1 M PB, pH 6.2, 37 °C, 2 h | possible alternative to ethanol for the extraction of fucoxanthin from U. pinnatifida | [14] |
| Carbohydrases (cellulase, xylanase, arabanase, β-glucanase); Proteases (endopeptidase, endoprotease) |
Ulva sp. (G) Sargassum muticum (B) Solieria chordalis (R) |
soluble protein, polyphenol, neutral sugars, uronic acids, sulphated polysaccharides | 500 g A, 0.5% (w/w) E, 500 mL H2O, 50 °C, 5 h (example for Ulva sp.) | antiviral activity without cytotoxicity effect–tested Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) | [15] |
| Carbohydrase (cellulase, β-glucanase, Ultaflo (heat-stable multi-active β-glucanase)); Protease |
Chondrus crispus (R) Codium fragile (G) |
protein, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates | 1 and 10 g A, 0.5% E, 200 mL H2O, 50 °C, 3 h | functional food and antiviral drug discovery—the enzymatic hydrolysates exhibited significant activity against HSV-1 | [16] |
| Carbohydrases: Celluclast (β-glucanase), exo-1,4-α-d-glucosidase (AMG), Termantyl (heat-stable α-amylase), Ultaflo, Viscozyme (arabanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, hemicellulase and xyianase); Proteases: Alcalase (endoprotease), Protamex (endoprotease), Neutrase, Flavourzyme (endoprotease and exopeptidase activities), Kojizyme (endo/exopeptidase) | Sargassum horneri (B) | 1 g A, 100 µL (or mg) E, 100 mL of buffer (AB for Viscozyme, AMG, Celluclast, for the rest—PB), 12 h | antioxidant activity (use in different food formulations and pharmaceutical industry) | [5,17,18] | |
| Carbohydrases: Celluclast (β-glucanase), exo-1,4-α-d-glucosidase (AMG), Termantyl (heat-stable α-amylase), Ultaflo, Viscozyme (arabanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, hemicellulase and xyianase); Proteases: Alcalase (endoprotease), Protamex (endoprotease), Neutrase, Flavourzyme (endoprotease and exopeptidase activities), Kojizyme (endo/exopeptidase) | Ecklonia cava (B) | antioxidant compounds | 1 g A, 100 µL (or mg) E, 100 mL of buffer (AB for Viscozyme, AMG, Celluclast, for the rest—PB), 12 h | antioxidant activity (use in different food formulations and pharmaceutical industry) | [19] |
| Viscozyme L (cellulase) | Ulva fasciata (G) | - | 1 g A, 1%, 2% and 5% (v/v) E, 20 mL of sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.8), 45 °C, 42 h | production of bioethanol | [20] |
| Carbohydrases (amyloglucosidase 300 L (AMG), Celluclast 1.5 L FG, Dextrozyme, Maltogenase, Promozyme, Viscozyme L and Termamyl); Proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L FG, Flavourzyme 500 MG, Neutrase 0.8 L, Protamex) | Enteromorpha prolifera (G) | - | 1 g A, 20 mg E, 60 mL of H2O, 8 h | antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-inflammatory activity | [21] |
| Carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, Termamyl and Ultraflo); Proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase) | Hizikia fusiformis (B) | antioxidant compounds—polyphenols | 1 g A, 100 mL of distilled water, 5%—enzyme/substrate ratio, 3 days, final pH 7.0 | antioxidant activity | [12] |
A: Dried alga; E: Enzyme; PB: Phosphate buffer; AB: Acetate buffer; B: Brown macroalga; G: Green macroalga; R: Red macroalga.