3-NP	3-nitropropionic acid
Aβ	amyloid β-peptide
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
AGC family	protein kinases A, G, and C (PKA, PKG, PKC)
AP-1	activator protein 1
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
cAMP	cyclic adenosine monophosphate
cGMP	cyclic guanosine monophosphate
ChIP	chromatin immunoprecipitation
CREB	cAMP response-element binding protein
EPO	erythropoietin
ERK1/2	extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2
HD	Huntington’s disease
HIF-1	hypoxia-inducible factor-1
hNSCs	human neural stem cells
JNKs	c-Jun N-terminal kinases
l-NAME	l-nitroarginine methylester
MAPKs	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MPP+	1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
MSCs	mesenchymal stem cells
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
NF-κB	nuclear factor-κB
NGF	nerve growth factor
NMDAR	N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor
NO	nitric oxide
NOS	nitric oxide synthase
Nrf2	nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2
NT3	neurotrophin 3
NT-4	neurotrophin 4
p70S6K	p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PI3-K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PKA	cAMP-dependent protein kinase
PKG	cGMP-dependent protein kinase
PLCγ	phospholipase Cγ
RNS	reactive nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SHH	sonic hedgehog
SODs	superoxide dismutases
TrkB	tropomyosin-related kinase B
UCP2	uncoupling protein 2