Figure 2.

Regulation of MG-derived carbonyl stress in sepsis. Aside from enhanced glycolysis, increased formation of ROS with subsequent inhibition of GAPDH and the glyoxalase system in addition to glutathione consumption contributes to MG-derived carbonyl stress in sepsis. Small upward arrows symbolize increased levels. While solid arrows indicate pathway sequences, dashed arrows indicate reduced steps of a pathway. Abbreviations: GLUT = glucose transporter, MG = Methylglyoxal, MG-AGE = MG derived advanced glycation educts, GA3P = Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, DHAP = Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, GAPDH = Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GLO = Glyoxalase, GSH = Glutathion, TCA = tricarboxylic acid, ROS = reactive oxygen species, NADPH = Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nrf2 = Nuclear factor 2, NFκB = Nuclear factor κ B, AP-1 = Activator protein 1, Glo-6-P = Glucose-6-Phosphate, Fru-6-P = Fructose-6-Phosphate, Fru-1,6-bP = Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate.