Table 1.

Important hybrid material synthesis procedures and their potential applications.

Hybrid material	Synthesis procedure	Applications	Structure	Ref.
TiO2–graphene	solvothermal process	photocatalytic activity	NPs on GS	[335]
	self-assembly	photocatalytic and electrochemical activity	3D hydrogel	[89]
		LIBs	NPs	[92,98]
	hydrothermal process	photocatalytic activity	graphene-wrapped NPs	[72]
		DSSCs	NPs on GS	[87]
	chemical synthesis	LIBs	paper	[96]
		self-cleaning application	graphene-loaded thin film	[102]
	calcination process	photocatalytic activity	graphene-encapsulated hollow nanospheres	[97]
	microwave-assisted technique	supercapacitors	NPs	[86]
	reduction-hydrolysis technique	photocatalytic activity	sandwich	[90]
	molecular grafting process	DSSCs	graphene incorporated in NP films	[95]
	electrostatic deposition	photoconversion properties	multilayer films	[93]
	microwave-assisted solvothermal process	fuel cells	NPs	[101]
VO2–graphene	chemical synthesis	LIBs	ribbons	[111]
	layer-by-layer process	enhanced optical response	films	[109]
	CVD/Magnetron sputtering	flexible thermochomic window	films	[117]
	chemical synthesis	LIBs	graphene-coated NPs	[110,112]
	hydrothermal process	electrochemical capacitor	NPs	[108]
		LIBs	nanotube/graphene	[113]
V2O5–graphene	sol–gel process	LIBs	incorporation of GS in nanoribbons	[114]
	solvothermal process	LIBs	porous NPs	[116]
	self-assembly process	LIBs	hollow microspheres, nanorods	[107]
	solution-phase synthesis	LIBs	NPs	[115]
Cr2O3–graphene	pyrolysis of chromium/urea coordinated compound	catalyst (ORR)	rGO-supported NPs	[118]
	chemical synthesis	capacitance	NP-decorated rGO	[119]
MnO2–graphene	self-assembly	supercapacitors	graphene-wrapped honeycomb NPs	[141]
	layer-by-layer assembly	LIBs	thin films	[27]
	modified Hummers method and glucose reduction	oxidative decomposition of MB	NPs	[127]
	vacuum filtration process	flexible supercapacitor	quasi-2D ultrathin nanosheet	[140]
	chemical synthesis	supercapacitor	foams	[139]
Mn3O4–graphene	hydrothermal process	supercapacitor	nanorods on GS	[138]
		supercapacitor	NP anchored rGO	[126]
		carbon dioxide adsorption	porous material	[129]
		LIBs	NPs	[124]
	hydrothermal self-assembly method	supercapacitor	3D network	[131]
	chemical synthesis	catalyst (ORR)	NPs	[135]
		LIBs	NPs on rGO	[120,136–137]
		catalyst (decomposition of organic pollutants)	NPs	[128]
	gel-like film synthesis	LIBs	film	[122]
	ion exchange followed by calcination	capacitance	NPs distributed on the surface of rGO	[133]
	two-step liquid phase procedure	LIBs	NPs integrated with graphene	[130]
	deposition/precipitation method	elemental mercury capture	NPs	[134]
	ultrasound-assisted synthesis	LIBs	nanosheets	[123]
	gel formation and electrochemical reduction	electrochemical properties	paper	[132]
	chemical synthesis	electrocatalysts for vanadium redox flow batteries	coupling between the components	[125]
MnO–graphene	hydrothermal process	LIBs	nanosheets	[121]
Fe3O4–graphene	combined hydrothermal self-assembly, freeze-drying and thermal treatment	electrocatalyst (ORR)	3D aerogel	[147]
	supercritical drying and carbonizing hydrogel precursors	enzyme immobilisation	aerogels	[148]
	kirkendall process	LIBs	core–shell nanohollow	[161]
	filtration process	electrochemical actuators	paper	[158]
	vacuum filtration and thermal reduction process	LIBs	flexible films	[146]
	solvothermal treatment	LIBs	graphene-coated NPs	[162]
	solution chemistry	regenerative adsorbent	NPs decorated on rGO	[167]
	chemical synthesis	LIBs	NP-anchored graphene nanosheets	[163]
Fe2O3–graphene	hydrothermal process	LIBs and arsenic removal	network	[154]
		nonenzymatic H2O2 biosensors	NPs decorated on rGO	[155]
	solvothermal induced self-assembly	LIBs	aerogels	[166]
Co3O4–graphene	chemical synthesis	catalyst (ORR and ORE)	NPs on graphene	[170]
		LIBs	Nanowall arrays on rGO	[169]
		LIBs	Graphene-anchored NPs	[178]
		catalyst (ORR)	nanosheet	[176]
	hydrothermal process	oxidation of olefins and alcohols	sandwich	[174]
CoO–graphene	chemical synthesis	ORR	NPs assembled on graphene	[189]
		LIBs	nanosheets	[187]
	assembly by electrostatic forces	LIBs	graphene-encapsulated NPs	[185]
NiO–graphene	electrophoretic deposition and chemical bath deposition	electrochromic performance	films	[196]
	chemical process	NO2 sensors	2D nanosheets	[204]
	chemical bath deposition technique	supercapacitors	3D foams	[203]
	microwave-assisted synthesis	supercapacitors	graphene-wrapped NPs	[206]
CuO–graphene	spin-coating, Magnetron sputtering	blocking layer and O2 ion storage	multilayer	[217]
	vacuum filtration and hydrothermal reduction	LIBs	lamellar paper	[336]
	hydrothermal method	electrochemical capacitors	leaf-like NPs on GS	[223]
Cu2O–graphene	hydrothermal process	NO2 sensor	mesocrystals	[214]
	chemical reduction method	electrochemical sensor (glucose and H2O2)	graphene-wrapped NPs	[211]
ZnO–graphene	chemical synthesis	white LEDs	quasi-QDs	[224]
	hydrothermal method	photocatalytic activity	nanomesh	[233]
	hydrothermal process with surface modification	wave absorption	graphene-wrapped hollow NPs	[228]
	functionalisation of NPs followed by hydrothermal method	photodetector	core–shell	[226]
	atomic layer deposition, CVD	sensor (formaldehyde)	films	[266]
	thermal evaporation technique	UV photodetector	NWs on 3D graphene foam	[275]
	freeze-drying, subsequent heat treatment method	LIBs	NPs anchored on graphene	[240]
NiCo2O4–graphene	freeze-drying and hydrothermal reduction	supercapacitors	3D mesoporous	[307]
	polyol and thermal annealing	electrocatalyst (ORR)	nanosheets	[299]
	hydrothermal method followed by calcination	supercapacitors	nanorods and nanobundles	[306]
MnCo2O4–graphene	chemical synthesis	catalyst (ORR)	NPs on GS	[29]
CoFe2O4–graphene	chemical synthesis	LIBs	films	[318]
	solvothermal route	LIBs	sandwich	[317]
		catalyst (ORR)	NPs on GS	[309]
ZnFe2O4–graphene	hydrothermal synthesis	LIBs	octahedrons	[329]
	deposition/precipitation	photocatalyst	multiporous microbricks	[332]
LiFePO4–graphene	catalyst-assisted self-assembly method	LIBs	graphene-embedded NPs	[288]
	chemicals synthesis	LIBs	sandwich	[287]