Figure 3.

Bicuculline microinjection in PAG increases defense-associated vocalizations but not motor defense responses. (A) Number of defense-associated vocalizations over the course of the 15 min observation segment. (B) Duration of cowering (seconds) over the course of the 15 min observation segment. (C) Number of escape responses over the 15 min observation segment. (D) Number of attack of inanimate objects over the 15 min observation segment. Gray bars show mean + standard error for baseline sessions, red bars show mean + standard error for bicuculline microinjection sessions. Symbols represent individual cases. ^*P < 0.05 (baseline vs. bicuculline infused). JA received 2.5 nmol, ZK received 2.5 nmol, GW-30 received 5 nmol, and GW-4 received 7 nmol of bicuculline methiodide into the PAG.