. 2017 Feb 24;9(3):190. doi: 10.3390/nu9030190

Table 1.

The most recent estimates of VAS coverage, presence of other VA programs, and VAD prevalence in countries in UNICEF’s SOWC VAS coverage database ¹.

Countries and Territories	Coverage (%) of VAS Program	Year of Coverage Estimate	VA Fortification, Biofortification, and MNP Programs ²	Year of Most Recent Nationally-Representative VAD Survey	Biomarker ³	VAD Prevalence (%) ⁴	Severity of VAD	Source
Afghanistan	95	2014	fVO ^(v), fW ^(v)	2013	ROH	50.4	Severe	[35]
Angola	6	2014	bSP ^(v)	1999	ROH	64.3	Severe	[36] *
Azerbaijan	58	2014		2013	RBP	8.0	Mild	[37]
Bangladesh	0	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2011	ROH	20.5	Severe	[38]
Benin	99	2014	fVO ^(m)	1999	ROH	82.0	Severe	[39] *
Bhutan	45	2013
Bolivia	40	2013	fVO ^(m), MNP ^(v)
Botswana	70	2014		1994	ROH	35.4	Severe	[40] *
Burkina Faso	98	2014	fVO ^(m), bSP ^(v)
Burundi	68	2014	fVO ^(v), bP ^(v)	2005	ROH	27.9	Severe	[41]
Cambodia	71	2014	fVO ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2014	RBP	9.2	Mild	[42]
Cameroon	96	2014	fVO ^(m), bP ^(v)	2009	RBP	35.0 ^††	Severe	[43]
Central African Rep	34	2014		1999	ROH	68.2	Severe	[44] *
Chad	96	2014
Comoros	14	2014
Congo	99	2014
Côte d’Ivoire	99	2014	fVO ^(m)	2007	RBP	24.1	Severe	[45]
DRC	99	2014	bC ^(v), bP ^(v)	1998/99	-ROH	61.1	Severe	[46]
Djibouti	66	2013	MNP ^(v)
Egypt	68	2008	fVO ^(v)	1995	ROH	11.9	Moderate	[47] *
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea	49	2014
Ethiopia	71	2014	bSP ^(v)	2006 ^‡	ROH	37.7	Severe	[48]
Gabon	2	2012
Gambia	27	2014		1999	ROH	64.0	Severe	[49] *
Ghana	23	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(m), bSP ^(v), bM ^(v)
Guatemala	19	2014	fMG ^(m), fS ^(m), MNP ^(v)	2009/10	ROH	0.3	None	[50]
Guinea	99	2012	fVO ^(m)
Guinea-Bissau	98	2014	fVO ^(m)
Haiti	30	2014	MNP ^(v)	2005	ROH	32.0	Severe	[51] *
Honduras	40	2005	fMG ^(m), fS ^(m)	1996	ROH	13.8	Moderate	[52]
India	61	2014	fVO ^(v), bSP ^(v)
Indonesia	84	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(m)	2011	ROH	<1	None	[53]
Kazakhstan
Kenya	28	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(v), bSP ^(v)	2012	RBP	9.2	Mild	[54]
Kiribati	54	2006
Kyrgyzstan	97	2010	MNP ^(v)	2013	RBP	7.8	Mild	[55]
Laos	89	2014		2000	ROH	44.7	Severe	[56]
Lesotho	67	2014	fW ^(v)	1993	ROH	78.0	Severe	[57] *
Liberia	0	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(m)	2011	RBP	13.2	Moderate	[58]
Madagascar	99	2014	bSP ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2000	ROH	42.1	Severe	[59]
Malawi	41	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(m), bSP ^(v), bC ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2009	RBP	22.0 ^††	Severe	[60]
Maldives	76	2013		2007	ROH	5.1	Mild	[61]
Mali	98	2013	fVO ^(v), bM ^(v)
Marshall Islands	39	2007		1995	ROH	59.9	Severe	[62]
Mauritania	89	2014	fVO ^(m)
Mexico			fMG ^(m), MNP ^(v)	2011/12	ROH	15.7	Moderate	[63]
Micronesia	68	2006
Mongolia	79	2014	MNP ^(v)	2010	RBP	32.4	Severe	[64]
Morocco			fVO ^(m)	1996	ROH	40.4	Severe	[65]
Mozambique	99	2014	fVO ^(m), bSP ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2002	ROH	68.8	Severe	[66]
Myanmar	94	2014	MNP ^(v)
Namibia	62	2013		1992	ROH	23.5	Severe	[67] *
Nepal	85	2014	MNP ^(v)	1998 ^‡	ROH	32.3	Severe	[68]
Nicaragua	4	2014	fS ^(m), MNP ^(v)	2004	ROH	2.1	Mild	[69]
Niger	95	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(m), bSP ^(v)
Nigeria	80	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(m), bSP ^(v), bM ^(v), bC ^(v), bP ^(v)	2001	ROH	29.5	Severe	[70]
DPR Korea	99	2014	MNP ^(v)
Pakistan	96	2014	fVO ^(m)	2011	ROH	54.0	Severe	[71]
Papua New Guinea	15	2012		2005	RBP	15.7	Moderate	[72]
Philippines	83	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(m), MNP ^(v)	2013	ROH	20.4	Severe	[73]
Rwanda	95	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(m), bSP ^(v), MNP ^(v)	1996	ROH	6.4	Moderate	[74]
Sao Tome and Principe	56	2013
Senegal	89	2014	fVO ^(m), bSP ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2010	ROH	17.7	Severe	[75]
Sierra Leone	8	2014	fVO ^(m), bC ^(v)	2013	RBP	17.4	Moderate	[76]
Somalia	30	2014	MNP ^(v)	2009	RBP	33.3 ^††	Severe	[77]
South Africa	42	2013	fMG ^(v), fW ^(m)	2012	ROH	43.6	Severe	[78]
South Sudan	18	2014
Sri Lanka	72	2014	MNP ^(v)	2006	ROH	29.3	Severe	[79]
Sudan	99	2014
Swaziland	43	2014
Tajikistan	99	2014
Tanzania	88	2014	fVO ^(m), fS ^(m), bSP ^(v), MNP ^(v)	2010	RBP	33.0 ^††	Severe	[80]
Timor-Leste	40	2013		2013	RBP	9.7	Mild	[81]
Turkmenistan
Togo	61	2013	fVO ^(m)
Uganda	66	2014	fVO ^(m), fW ^(m), bSP ^(v)	2011	RBP	32.6 ^††	Severe	[82]
Uzbekistan	99	2014
Vietnam	94	2014	fVO ^(m)	2010	ROH	10.1	Moderate	[83]
Yemen	7	2014
Zambia	93	2013	fVO ^(v), fS ^(m), bSP ^(v), bM ^(v)	2003	ROH	54.1	Severe	[84]
Zimbabwe	32	2014	fVO ^(v)	1999	ROH	35.8	Severe	[85] *

¹ VA, vitamin A; VAD, vitamin A deficiency; VAS, vitamin A supplementation; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; SOWC, State of the World’s Children.² fVO = fortified vegetable oil, fMG = fortified margarine, fS = fortified sugar, fW = fortified wheat flour; bSP = biofortified sweet potato, bM = biofortified maize, bC = biofortified cassava, bP = biofortified plantain/banana; MNP = micronutrient powders. ^(m) = mandatory program, ^(v) = voluntary program; ³ ROH, serum/plasma retinol; RBP, retinol-binding protein. ⁴ VAD prevalence measured as proportion of children with ROH or RBP concentrations <0.7 μmol/L, unless noted otherwise. Prevalences in italics indicate that prevalence calculation accounted for inflammation in some manner (e.g., adjusting ROH or RBP concentrations, excluding children with any inflammation, etc); * Data source taken from the World Health Organization Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency; ^†† VAD prevalence measured as proportion of children with RBP <0.825 μmol/L in Uganda, Somalia, and Tanzania; <0.83 μmol/L in Cameroon, <0.78 µmol/L in Malawi; ^‡ A more recent survey was conducted, but the results were not publically available at the time of writing this manuscript.