| CMD | cardiometabolic disease |
| CVD | cardiovascular disease |
| EDHS | Egyptian Demographic and Health Survey |
| FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
| GDP | Gross Domestic Product |
| Hb | hemoglobin |
| IDA | iron deficiency anemia |
| IU | international units |
| KSA | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |
| NTD | neural tube defect |
| RCT | randomized controlled trial |
| UAE | United Arab Emirates |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Fund |
| USD | United States dollar |
| WHO | World Health Organization |
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