Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies in the meta-analysis of serum Mn levels.
| Studies on AD to HC | |||||||||||
| AD Patients | HC Subjects | ||||||||||
| Reference | Country | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Criteria for AD Diagnosis | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Method |
| (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | ||||||
| Fang 1997 [32] | China | 24 | 33 | 61–87 | 42.85 + 17.03 | DSM-III | 8 | 38 | 58–72 | 50.00 + 19.78 | ICP-AES |
| Molina 1998 [33] | Spain | 26 | 46 | 73.1 ± 8.2 | 1.03 + 0.68 | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 28 | 43 | 70.8 ± 7.3 | 1.31 + 0.63 | AAS |
| Bocca 2005 [34] | Italy | 60 | 67 | 74.6 ± 6.4 | 0.63 + 0.22 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 44 | 25 | ≥45 | 0.65 + 0.24 | ICP-MS |
| Alimonti 2007 [35] | Italy | 53 | 68 | 74.5 ± 6.5 | 0.60 + 0.08 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 124 | 35 | 44.8 ± 12.7 | 0.60 + 0.04 | ICP-MS |
| Liu 2008 [36] | China | 30 | 47 | 66.2 ± 9.9 | 15.00 ± 4.00 | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 28 | 46 | 66.8 ± 8.3 | 18.00 ± 3.00 | ICP-AES |
| Baum 2010 [37] | Hong Kong | 44 | 66 | 74.3 ± 8.7 | 1.18 ± 1.15 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 41 | 49 | 79.1 ± 6.0 | 0.73 ± 0.51 | ICP-MS |
| Dominguez 2014 [11] | Spain | 30 | 60 | 80.9 ± 4.5 | 0.62 ± 0.35 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 30 | 57 | 74.0 ± 5.7 | 1.16 ± 0.73 | ICP-MS |
| KOC 2015 [38] | Turkey | 44 | 49 | 77.7 ± 9.3 | 9.00 ± 7.50 | DSM-IV, NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 33 | 52 | 73.2 ± 10.6 | 10.00 ± 5.00 | ICP-MS |
| Paglia 2016 [39] | Italy | 34 | 74 | 72.4 ± 7.5 | 0.59 ± 0.32 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 40 | 63 | 65.5 ± 6.4 | 1.24 ± 0.42 | ICP-MS |
| Hare 2016 [40] | Australia | 206 | 62 | 78.0 ± 8.6 | 0.82 ± 0.25 | - | 758 | 31 | 70.0 ± 7.0 | 0.92 ± 0.70 | ICP-MS |
| Studies on MCI to HC | |||||||||||
| MCI Individuals | HC Subjects | ||||||||||
| Reference | Country | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Criteria for AD Diagnosis | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Method |
| (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | ||||||
| Dominguez 2014 [11] | Spain | 16 | 38 | 75.9 ± 5.7 | 0.57 ± 0.33 | - | 30 | 57 | 74.0 ± 5.7 | 1.16 ± 0.73 | ICP-MS |
| Negahdar 2015 [41] | Iran | 120 | 50 | 74.3 ± 7.8 | 14.30 + 5.18 | - | 120 | 50 | 67.7 ± 6.9 | 13.50 + 5.30 | AAS |
| Paglia 2016 [39] | Italy | 20 | 80 | 68.3 ± 7.8 | 0.91 ± 0.48 | - | 40 | 63 | 65.5 ± 6.4 | 1.24 ± 0.42 | ICP-MS |
| Hare 2016 [40] | Australia | 129 | 57 | 75.7 ± 7.6 | 0.85 ± 0.37 | - | 758 | 31 | 70.0 ± 7.0 | 0.92 ± 0.70 | ICP-MS |
| Studies on MCI to AD | |||||||||||
| AD patients | MCI Individuals | ||||||||||
| Reference | Country | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Criteria for AD Diagnosis | n | Gender | Age | Mn Concentration | Method |
| (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | (% Female) | Mean ± SD (Year) | Mean ± SD (µg/L) | ||||||
| Dominguez 2014 [11] | Spain | 30 | 60 | 80.9 ± 4.5 | 0.62 ± 0.35 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 16 | 38 | 75.9 ± 5.7 | 0.57 ± 0.33 | ICP-MS |
| Paglia 2016 [39] | Italy | 34 | 74 | 72.4 ± 7.5 | 0.59 ± 0.32 | NINCDS-ADRDA criteria | 20 | 80 | 68.3 ± 7.8 | 0.91 ± 0.48 | ICP-MS |
| Hare 2016 [40] | Australia | 206 | 62 | 78.0 ± 8.6 | 0.82 ± 0.25 | - | 129 | 57 | 75.7 ± 7.6 | 0.85 ± 0.37 | ICP-MS |
NINCDS-ADRDA, National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; DSM-III or DSM-IV, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; ICP-AES, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry; AAS, atomic absorption spectrometry; MCI, mild cognition impairment.