Table 2.
General characteristics according to 24 h estimated urinary factors obtained with the Tanaka formula in sample 2.
| Urinary Factors | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n = 1471) | T2 (n = 1472) | T3 (n = 1471) | p-Difference | p-Trend | |
| 24HUNa (mEq/day) | 127.8 ± 16.8 4 | 163.4 ± 8.3 | 205.8 ± 29.7 | ||
| Age (years) 1 | 51.9 ± 0.2 a,5 | 52.4 ± 0.2 a | 53.5 ± 0.2 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) 2 | 23.8 ± 0.1 a | 24.5 ± 0.1 b | 25.3 ± 0.1 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Energy Intake (kcal/day) 2 | 1984.0 ± 21.7 a | 2036.3 ± 21.6 a, b | 2105.1 ± 21.8 b | 0.0004 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, women (%) 3 | 57.0 6 | 58.2 | 59.0 | 0.580 | 0.299 |
| Cigarette Smoking, current (%) 2 | 28.3 | 23.4 | 21.9 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Alcohol Drinking, current (%) 2 | 41.4 | 44.4 | 42.4 | 0.178 | 0.588 |
| Regular Exercise, yes (%) 2 | 51.6 | 54.6 | 57.9 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Chronic Disease, yes (%) 2 | 34.7 | 45.0 | 54.2 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Family History, yes (%) 2 | 18.3 | 17.9 | 18.7 | 0.887 | 0.753 |
| Area, Ansan (%) 2 | 52.4 | 53.7 | 48.9 | 0.026 | 0.040 |
| Income, ≥2,000,000 KRW (%) 2 | 31.6 | 31.2 | 25.5 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 24HUK (mEq/day) | 33.8 ± 3.4 | 42.6 ± 2.5 | 55.6 ± 9.1 | ||
| Age (years) | 50.7 ± 0.2 a | 52.4 ± 0.2 b | 54.6 ± 0.2 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 0.1 a | 24.6 ± 0.1 b | 25.2 ±0.1 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Energy Intake (kcal/day) | 1940.6 ± 21.5 a | 2031.5 ± 21.7 b | 2158.7 ± 22.0 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Sex, women (%) | 53.1 | 59.7 | 61.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cigarette Smoking, current (%) | 26.3 | 22.7 | 25.1 | 0.049 | 0.396 |
| Alcohol Drinking, current (%) | 43.7 | 41.8 | 42.2 | 0.594 | 0.496 |
| Regular Exercise, yes (%) | 48.4 | 52.3 | 64.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic Disease, yes (%) | 35.6 | 45.6 | 53.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Family History, yes (%) | 17.9 | 17.8 | 19.8 | 0.404 | 0.226 |
| Area, Ansan (%) | 70.1 | 57.5 | 25.4 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Income, ≥2,000,000 KRW (%) | 35.9 | 30.8 | 20.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 24HUNa-K Ratio | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | ||
| Age (years) | 53.6 ± 0.2 c | 52.5 ± 0.2 b | 51.7 ± 0.2 a | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 24.6 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 0.781 | 0.815 |
| Energy Intake (kcal/day) | 2104.7 ± 21.9 b | 2030.4 ± 21.8 a | 1992.4 ± 21.5 a | 0.001 | 0.0003 |
| Sex, women (%) | 58.7 | 60.5 | 55.1 | 0.009 | 0.045 |
| Cigarette Smoking, current (%) | 27.1 | 23.2 | 23.7 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| Alcohol Drinking, current (%) | 42.0 | 41.5 | 44.5 | 0.144 | 0.120 |
| Regular Exercise, yes (%) | 59.8 | 54.1 | 49.6 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic Disease, yes (%) | 44.1 | 45.4 | 44.4 | 0.832 | 0.911 |
| Family History, yes (%) | 19.1 | 18.3 | 17.4 | 0.499 | 0.239 |
| Area, Ansan (%) | 31.1 | 54.5 | 70.0 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Income, ≥2,000,000 KRW (%) | 23.9 | 31.0 | 33.1 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
T, tertile; 24HUNa, 24 h urinary Na; BMI, body mass index; KRW, Korean Won; 24HUK, 24 h urinary K; 24HUNa-K Ratio, 24 h urinary Na-K ratio. 1 Adjusted for sex. 2 Adjusted for age and sex. 3 Adjusted for age and sex. 4 Mean ± standard deviation. 5 LS mean ± standard error for continuous variables. Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.05. 6 percentiles for categorical variables.