Table 3.
Associations between blood pressure and 24 h estimated urinary factors obtained with Tanaka and Kawasaki formulas in sample 2.
| Urinary Factors | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | T2 | T3 | p-Difference | p-Trend | |
| Tanaka Formula | |||||
| 24HUNa (mEq/day) | 127.8 ± 16.8 1 | 163.4 ± 8.3 | 205.8 ± 29.7 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 3 | 116.0 ± 0.4 a, 2 | 117.6 ± 0.4 b | 121.7 ± 0.4 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 4 | 121.9 ± 1.0 a | 122.7 ± 1.0 a | 125.8 ± 1.0 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 73.7 ± 0.3 a | 75.2 ± 0.3 b | 77.0 ± 0.3 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 76.6 ± 0.6 a | 77.6 ± 0.6 a | 78.6 ± 0.7 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| 24HUK (mEq/day) | 33.8 ± 3.4 | 42.6 ± 2.5 | 55.6 ± 9.1 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 117.0 ± 0.4 a | 117.5 ± 0.4 a | 120.9 ± 0.4 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 123.8 ± 1.0 | 122.7 ± 1.0 | 123.5 ± 1.0 | 0.182 | 0.718 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 74.4 ± 0.3 a | 74.8 ± 0.3 a | 76.7 ± 0.3 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 77.7 ± 0.7 | 77.1 ± 0.7 | 77.7 ± 0.7 | 0.188 | 0.991 |
| 24HUNa-K ratio | 3.0 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.5 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 118.1 ± 0.4 | 118.2 ± 0.4 | 119.1 ± 0.4 | 0.188 | 0.093 |
| Model 2 | 121.5 ± 1.0 a | 123.1 ± 1.0 b | 125.5 ± 1.0 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 75.3 ± 0.3 | 75.1 ± 0.3 | 75.5 ± 0.3 | 0.491 | 0.487 |
| Model 2 | 76.8 ± 0.7 a | 77.3 ± 0.6a | 78.5 ± 0.6 b | 0.0002 | <0.0001 |
| Kawasaki Formula | |||||
| 24HUNa (mEq/day) | 158.0 ± 25.2 | 213.8 ± 13.5 | 286.4 ± 53.7 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 116.0 ± 0.4 a | 118.0 ± 0.4 b | 121.3 ± 0.4 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 121.8 ± 1.0 a | 123.0 ± 1.0a | 125.4 ± 1.0 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 73.8 ± 0.3 a | 75.2 ± 0.3 b | 76.8 ± 0.3 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 76.7 ± 0.6 a | 77.5 ± 0.6 a | 78.5 ± 0.6 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Kawasaki Formula | |||||
| 24HUK (mEq/day) | 41.8 ± 4.6 | 54.0 ± 3.4 | 73.3 ± 14.4 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 116.9 ± 0.4 a | 117.8 ± 0.4 a | 120.7 ± 0.4 b | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 123.6 ± 1.0 | 123.0 ± 1.0 | 123.4 ± 1.0 | 0.592 | 0.753 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 74.2 ± 0.3 a | 75.2 ± 0.3 b | 76.4 ± 0.3 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Model 2 | 77.5 ± 0.7 | 77.5 ± 0.7 | 77.5 ± 0.7 | 0.998 | 0.950 |
| 24HUNa-K ratio | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.7 | ||
| SBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 117.7 ± 0.4 | 118.4 ± 0.4 | 119.2 ± 0.4 | 0.056 | 0.017 |
| Model 2 | 121.3 ± 1.0 a | 123.4 ± 1.0 b | 125.4 ± 1.0 c | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| Model 1 | 75.1 ± 0.3 | 75.3 ± 0.3 | 75.6 ± 0.3 | 0.451 | 0.210 |
| Model 2 | 76.6 ± 0.6 a | 77.6 ± 0.6 a,b | 78.4 ± 0.7 b | 0.0001 | <0.0001 |
T, tertile; 24HUNa, 24 h urinary Na; 24HUK, 24 h urinary K; 24HUNa-K Ratio, 24 h urinary Na-K ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic BP. 1 Mean ± standard deviation. 2 LS mean ± standard error. Values with different superscript letters within a row are significantly different means by Tukey’s multiple comparison test, p < 0.05. 3 Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. 4 Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, energy intake, smoking status, regular exercise status, chronic disease prevalence status, recruitment area, household income, and blood pressure medication.