Table 1.
Overview of vitamin D supplementation trials in overweight and obese populations a.
| Study (Duration, M/F (n), Age Ethnicity) | Dose Vit. D (per Day) | Mean BMI (kg/m2) | Initial PTH (pg/mL) | Final PTH (pg/mL) | ∆PTH (pg/mL) | Initial 25OHD (ng/mL) | Final 25OHD (ng/mL) | ∆25OHD (pg/mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zitterman et al. [16] (1 year) 62/138. 48.1 ± 10.2 years Not disclosed | 3320 IU (n = 82) | 33.7 | 44.7 ± 31.0 | 32.3 ± 19.3 | −11.8 ± 20.8 * | 12.0 ± 7.0 | 34.2 ± 23.0 | 22.2 ± 22.3 * |
| Placebo (n = 83) | 33.0 | 46.0 ± 7.0 | 37.5 ± 15.6 | −8.7 ± 24.3 * | 12.1 ± 8.0 | 16.8 ± 14.0 | 4.7 ± 14.5 * | |
| Gaiser et al. [17] (12 weeks) 53/0. 28.7 ± 5.0 years Caucasian: 87%; Other: 13% | 2000 IU(n = 17) | 30.0 | 32.56 ± 11.7 | 26.6 b | −6.0 ± 10.4 | 21.4 ± 6.7 | 26.6 b | 5.2 ± 5.6 * |
| 1000 IU (n = 20) | 27.4 | 38.8 ± 20.3 | 39.4 b | 0.6 ± 16.5 | 21.0 ± 5.6 | 22.8 b | 1.8 ± 4.5 * | |
| Placebo (n = 16) | 26.2 | 41.3 ± 21.8 | 37.2 b | −4.1 ± 22.4 | 19.9 ± 7.0 | 21.2 b | 1.3 ± 5.2 * | |
| Harris et al. [18] (12 weeks) 44/45. 56.6 ± 11.4 years African American | 4000 IU (n = 46) | 32.6 | 66.0 ± 27.9 | 48.6 b | −17.4 ± 2.7 * | 15.9 ± 5.2 | 32.4 ± 11.2 | 16.7 ± 1.2 * |
| Placebo (n = 43) | 31.9 | 64.5 ± 28.9 | 59.5 b | −5.0 ± 2.6 * | 15.3 ± 6.2 | 15.0 ± 6.4 | −0.4 ± 1.2 * | |
| Wood et al. [19] (1 year) 0/252. 63.8 ± 2.1 years Caucasian | 1000 IU (n = 35) | <25.0 | 46.7 ± 10.5 | 40.4 b | −5.6 ± 7.3 * | 13.7 ± 5.9 | 33.0 b | 19.2 ± 8.5 * |
| 400 IU (n = 37) | <25.0 | 46.7 ± 10.5 | 42.3 b | −3.7 ± 8.7 * | 13.7 ± 5.9 | 27.0 b | 13.3 ± 9.3 * | |
| Placebo (n = 35) | <25.0 | 46.7 ± 10.5 | 43.3 b | −2.7 ± 8.0 * | 13.7 ± 5.9 | 14.4 b | −0.7 ± 0.5 * | |
| 1000 IU (n = 45) | 25.0–29.9 | 49.5 ± 13.3 | 40.6 b | −8.4 ± 10.6 * | 13.6 ± 5.7 | 31.0 b | 15.5 ± 7.5 * | |
| 400 IU (n = 44) | 25.0–29.9 | 49.5 ± 13.3 | 43.6 b | −5.4 ± 9.5 * | 13.6 ± 5.7 | 26.9 b | 13.4 ± 7.9 * | |
| Placebo (n = 47) | 25.0–29.9 | 49.5 ± 13.3 | 47.5 b | −1.5 ± 7.3 * | 13.6 ± 5.7 | 12.7 b | −0.8 ± 4.7 * | |
| 1000 IU (n = 16) | >30.0 | 51.4 ± 13.3 | 43.0 b | −8.0 ± 7.6 * | 13.0 ± 6.5 | 30.2 b | 17.2 ± 6.2 * | |
| 400 IU (n = 16) | >30.0 | 51.4 ± 13.3 | 48.0 b | −3.0 ± 5.4 * | 13.0 ± 6.5 | 25.6 b | 12.6 ± 8.2 * | |
| Placebo (n = 18) | >30.0 | 51.4 ± 13.3 | 49.8 b | −1.2 ± 5.2 * | 13.0 ± 6.5 | 10.4 b | −2.6 ± 5.2 * | |
| Salehpour et al. [20] (12 weeks) 0/77. 37.5 ± 7.5 Not disclosed | 1000 IU (n = 39) | 30.1 | 13.3 ± 6.7 | 11.4 ± 4.8 | −1.9 ± 4.8 * | 14.7 ± 12.0 | 30.0 ± 8.8 | 15.3 ± 12.8 * |
| Placebo (n = 38) | 29.5 | 13.3 ± 6.7 | 16.2 ± 7.6 | 1.9 ± 4.8 * | 18.8 ± 12.8 | 20.6 ± 12.4 | 1.8 ± 5.6 * | |
| Kamycheva et al. [21] (1 year) 120/198. 49.2 ± 11.2 years Not disclosed | 5714 IU (n = 107) | 34.6 | 49.0 ± 14.9 | 39.4 ± 14.5 | −9.2 ± 14.3 * | 22.3 ± 6.2 | 46.3 ± 10.9 | 32.3 ± 12.4 * |
| 2857 IU (n = 103) | 34.6 | 52.1 ± 16.6 | 44.4 ± 16.6 | −7.7 ± 13.3 * | 21.1 ± 7.4 | 36.1 ± 8.4 | 16.9 ± 8.6 * | |
| Placebo (n = 108) | 34.6 | 53.7 ± 16.7 | 50.9 ± 17.9 | −2.8 ± 14.3 * | 21.3 ± 6.4 | 34.2 ± 13.7 | 12.9 ± 6.6 * | |
| Drincic et al. [22] (21 weeks) 25/37. 45.8 ± 12.7 years Caucasians | 1000 IU (n = 22) | 36.7 | 22.3 ± 8.6 | 19.9 b | −2.4 ± 4.8 * | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 32.7 | 12.4 ± 9.7 * |
| 5000 IU (n = 20) | 36.1 | 22.1 ± 13.0 | 21.3 b | −0.8 ± 8.0 | 26.5 ± 6.7 | 54.3 | 27.8 ± 10.2 * | |
| 10,000 IU (n = 20) | 37.9 | 28.7 ± 15.6 | 23.8 b | −4.9 ± 9.4 * | 23.2 ± 15.2 | 73.9 | 50.7 ± 16.4 * | |
| Wamberg et al. [23,24] (26 weeks) 15/37. 40.4 ± 7.4 years Not Disclosed | 7000 (n = 22) | 36.1 | 50.5 ± 2.3 | 42.9 ± 14.3 | −7.6 *,b | 13.8 ± 4.0 | 44.0 ± 6.9 | 30.8 * |
| Placebo (n = 21) | 35.0 | ND | ND | ND | 13.8 ± 4.0 | 18.7 ± 8.5 | −5.2 * | |
| Jorde et al. [25] (1 year) 159/282 47.0 b years Not disclosed | 2857 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 116) | 33.3 | 47.6 (27.6–131.4) | 41.9 (19.0–121.9) | −5.7 *,b | 20.9 (6.2–44.6) | 35.1 b | 14.2 b |
| 5714 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 106) | 33.5 | 45.7 (21.9–104.7) | 45.7 (21.9–94.3) | −7.6 *,b | 22.1 (6.7–38.8) | 44.9 (18.7–77.4) | 22.8 b | |
| Placebo (n = 112) | 43.8 | 50.5 (21.9–104.7) | 50.5 (21.9–104.7) | −1.0 *,b | 21.0 (7.4–39.8) | 20.0 (8.1–39.9) | −1.0 b | |
| Pilz et al. [26] (1 year) 54/0. 48.3 ± 8.2 years Not disclosed | 3332 IU (n = 31) | 33.1 | 39.4 ± 18.6 | 33.7 ± 18.9 | −5.7 ± 15.9 | 13.0 ± 8.0 | 34.6 ± 27.5 | 21.4 ± 26.1 * |
| Placebo (n = 23) | 32.5 | 48.3 ± 34.6 | 39.3 ± 14.1 | −9.0 ± 29.4 | 11.9 ± 9.5 | 14.2 ± 3.2 | 34.6 ± 27.5 * | |
| Pittas et al. [27] (3 years) 181/219. 71.2 ± 0.5 years Caucasian | 700 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 108) NFPG | 26.1 | 36.1 ± 1.9 | 31.6 b | −4.5 ± 1.3 * | 32.6 ± 1.5 | 44.4 b | 11.8 ± 1.4 * |
| Placebo (n = 114) NFPG | 26.2 | 40.0 ± 1.9 | 46.3 b | 6.3 ± 1.1 * | 28.2 ± 1.1 | 27.9 b | −0.34 ± 0.9 * | |
| 700 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 45) IFPG | 27.8 | 42.9 ± 2.9 | 34.9 b | −8.0 ± 2.4 * | 28.5 ± 2.1 | 41.0 b | 12.5 ± 1.8 * | |
| Placebo (n = 47) IFPG | 28.1 | 38.1 ± 1.9 | 42.7 b | 4.6 ± 1.5 * | 32.5 ± 1.9 | 29.4 b | −3.1 ± 1.2 * | |
| Harinarayan et al. [28] (12 weeks) 15/21. 31.0 ± 5.8 years Not disclosed | 9571 IU + 1000 mg Ca2+ (n = 36) | 34.3 | 57.9 ± 29.3 | 36.3 ± 22.5 | −21.6 ± 22.5 * | 8.8 ± 4.5 | 36.8 ± 18.7 | 28.1 ± 18.3 * |
| No placebo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Martins et al. [29] (12 weeks) 78/52. 18 to 70 years African American | 3333 IU (n = 65) | >25.0 | 43.4 ± 19.9 | 37.5 ± 16.2 | −5.9 *,b | 17.0 ± 5.2 | 34.5 ± 7.1 | 7.0 b |
| Placebo (n = 65) | >25.0 | 49.9 ± 33.6 | 49.7 ± 37.6 | −0.2 *,b | 16.5 ± 5.0 | 17.2 ± 6.4 | 0.7 b | |
| Talwar et al. [30] (3 years) c 0/208. 60.6 ± 6.2 years African American | 800 IU/2000 IU (n = 104) (3 months) | 29.0 | 44.2 ± 19.3 | 33.0 ± 14.4 | 11.2 *,b | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 28.6 ± 8.2 | 9.8 b |
| Placebo (n = 104) (3 months) | 30.0 | 42.4 ± 18.4 | 34.4 ± 15.5 | −8.0 *,b | 17.3 ± 8.2 | 15.6 ± 6.7 | −1.7 b | |
| 800 IU/2000 IU (n = 104) (24 months) | 29.0 | 44.2 ± 19.3 | 39.3 ± 17.7 | −4.9 *,b | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 26.4 ± 8.6 | 7.6 b | |
| Placebo (n = 104) (24 months) | 30.0 | 42.4 ± 18.4 | 38.2 ± 15.3 | −4.2 *,b | 17.3 ± 8.2 | 16.6 ± 7.3 | −0.7 b | |
| 800 IU/2000 IU (n = 104) (27 months) | 29.0 | 44.2 ± 19.3 | 36.3 ± 15.9 | −7.9 b | 18.8 ± 6.7 | 34.9 ± 9.0 | 16.1 b | |
| Placebo (n = 104) (27 months) | 30.0 | 42.4 ± 18.4 | 35.5 ± 15.0 | −6.9 b | 17.3 ± 8.2 | 18.1 ± 7.2 | 0.8 b | |
| Sneye et al. [31] (1 year) 159/286. 47.6 ± 11.4 years Not disclosed | 5714 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 116) | 35.0 | 49.5 ± 15.0 | 40.8 b | −8.7 ± 14.4 * | 21.8 ± 6.7 | 45.7 b | 23.9 ± 8.4 * |
| 2857 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 106) | 34.4 | 51.0 ± 17.0 | 43.4 b | −7.6 ± 13.7 * | 20.6 ± 7.4 | 35.7 b | 15.1 ± 6.3 * | |
| Placebo + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 112) | 35.1 | 53.8 ± 20.9 | 51.3 b | −2.5 ± 15.1 * | 21.3 ± 6.2 | 20.4 b | −0.9 ± 3.8 * | |
| Gannage-Yared et al. [32] (12 weeks) Not disclosed | 800 IU + 1000 mg Ca2+ (n = 47) | 28.1 | 48.6 ± 18.6 | 42.2 ± 16.4 | −6.36 b | 10.6 ± 6.6 | 25.8 ± 6.6 | 15.3 b |
| No placebo | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| Carillo et al. [33] (12 weeks) Not disclosed 26.1 ± 4.8 years Not disclosed | 4000 IU + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 10) | 30.6 | 36.1 ± 10.7 | 24.0 ± 12.0 | −11.7 ± 10.6 * | 20.8 ± 8.3 | 33.4 ± 7.2 | 12.3 ± 8.4 * |
| Placebo + 500 mg Ca2+ (n = 13) | 31.9 | 43.2 ± 34.6 | 43.5 ± 29.8 | 0.3 ± 8.9 * | 18.1 ± 6.5 | 23.5 ± 6.0 | 5.5 ± 7.9 * |
Boxes indicate trials included in meta-analysis. Initial and final PTH and 25OHD values are reported in either mean ± SD or median (25%, 75%). ND = no data; * = results significant; a = Mean and SD are reported in the tables, b = Standard deviation or confidence interval not reported; c = 800 IU/day vitamin D3 for the first 2 years, 2000 IU/day vitamin D3 for the last year of this study; NFPG = normal fasting plasma glucose; IFPG = impaired fasting plasma glucose.