. 2017 Mar 13;9(3):264. doi: 10.3390/nu9030264

Table 4.

Beverage consumption by poverty–income ratio (n = 2554) ^1,2.

Beverage Category	Per Capita Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day)					Per Consumer Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day)
Beverage Category	PIR < 1.0	PIR1.0–1.99	PIR 2.0–3.49	PIR ≥ 3.5	p-Value ²	PIR < 1.0	PIR1.0–1.99	PIR2.0–3.49	PIR ≥ 3.5	p-Value ²
Milk	256 ± 16	231 ± 16	267 ± 25	245 ± 27	0.62	569 ± 22	538 ± 25	556 ± 37	565 ± 30	0.86
Milk, whole	184 ± 12	177 ± 16	200 ± 21	202 ± 24	0.77	592 ± 23	570 ± 29	543 ± 39	569 ± 29	0.70
Milk, reduced, low or non-fat	71 ± 11	54 ± 8	68 ± 16	43 ± 9	0.21	462 ± 50	434 ± 41	513 ± 56	353 ± 42	0.14
Flavoured milk	7 ± 3	11 ± 3 ^†	16 ± 9 ^†	7 ± 4 ^†	0.65	351 ± 105 ^†	240 ± 43	483 ± 141	368 ± 133 ^†	0.31
Dairy drinks & substitutes	12 ± 5 ^†	7 ± 4 ^†	15 ± 7 ^†	12 ± 6 ^†	0.73	531 ± 95	492 ± 89	489 ± 133	485 ± 155 ^†	0.99
100% fruit juice	108 ± 9 ^a	118 ± 12 ^c	99 ± 13 ^d	54 ± 8	0.001	246 ± 15	249 ± 19	240 ± 25	202 ± 23	0.46
Diet beverages	4 ± 1	3 ± 2 ^†	5 ± 2 ^†	2 ± 1 ^†	0.49	124 ± 29 ^a	170 ± 59 ^†	233 ± 63	301 ± 47	0.02
Sweetened beverages	71 ± 8 ^a	51 ± 10 ^c	57 ± 16	18 ± 5	<0.001	304 ± 23 ^a	275 ± 43	305 ± 72	178 ± 26	<0.01
Coffee & tea	13 ± 3 ^a	5 ± 2 ^†	14 ± 8 ^†	2 ± 1 ^†	0.004	182 ± 29	128 ± 38 ^†	308 ± 138 ^†	119 ± 27 ^†	0.32
Plain water	109 ± 7	96 ± 7	121 ± 12	116 ± 11	0.50	230 ± 11	216 ± 13 ^e	258 ± 19	234 ± 17	0.33
Flavoured or enhanced water	2 ± 1 ^†	2.0 ± 1 ^†	4 ± 4 ^†	2 ± 0.9 ^†	0.93	170 ± 62 ^†	147 ± 34	414 ± 21 ^d	169 ± 55 ^†	0.001
Infant formulas	397 ± 21 ^a,b	359 ± 20 ^e	252 ± 19	291 ± 29	<0.001	848 ± 20 ^a,b	817 ± 17 ^c	755 ± 28	726 ± 31	<0.01
Breast milk	64 ± 7.0 ^a,b	90 ± 12	126 ± 15	135 ± 17	<0.001	505 ± 26	504 ± 30	584 ± 25	503 ± 27	0.09
Total beverage intake	1042 ± 16 ^a	973 ± 18 ^c	975 ± 33	834 ± 19	<0.001	n/a	n/a	n/a	n/a

¹ Includes those participants with data for poverty–income ratio; ² Wald F-test to assess overall group difference in per capita or consumer mean intake (g/day); where significant group effect was found, Independent T-test with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons was used to assess differences between each sub-group. Sub-group differences indicated by: ^a PIR <1.0 vs. PIR ≥ 3.5, p < 0.05; ^b PIR < 1.0 vs. PIR 2.0–3.49, p < 0.05; ^c PIR 1.00–1.99 vs. PIR ≥ 3.5, p < 0.05; ^d PIR 2.00–3.49 vs. PIR ≥ 3.5, p < 0.05; ^e PIR 1.00–1.99 vs. PIR 2.0–3.49, p < 0.05; ^† Data are statistically unreliable, relative standard error ≥30% [24]; ^†† No SE calculated as only 1 consumer; n/a represent not applicable as nonsensical to calculate total beverage intake as the number of consumers varies across each beverage category.