Table 1.
General characteristics of the Health Survey of São Paulo (ISA-Capital) population according to category of coffee consumption. São Paulo, Brazil, 2008/09.
| Characteristics | Coffee Consumption, Cups per Day | p-Value a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1–3 | ≥3 | Total | ||
| No. of subjects | 193 | 185 | 179 | 557 | |
| Sociodemographic | |||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 40 (29.0, 53.0) | 44 (33.0, 57.0) | 47 (36.0, 57.0) | 61 (44.0, 70.5) | 0.013 1 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 64 (40.9) | 71 (50.2) | 71 (47.0) | 206 (45.8) | 0.360 2 |
| Female | 129 (59.1) | 114 (49.8) | 108 (53.0) | 351 (54.2) | |
| Race, n (%) | |||||
| White | 120 (63.0) | 109 (58.1) | 117 (62.1) | 346 (61.1) | 0.918 2 |
| Black | 14 (5.8) | 18 (6.5) | 9 (6.4) | 41 (6.2) | |
| Others | 59 (31.2) | 58 (35.4) | 53 (31.5) | 170 (32.7) | |
| Household per capita income, n (%) | |||||
| <1 MW | 80 (34.6) | 83 (37.5) | 68 (38.3) | 231 (36.7) | 0.851 2 |
| ≥1 MW | 113 (65.4) | 102 (62.5) | 111 (61.7) | 326 (63.3) | |
| Physical activity level, n (%) | |||||
| Low | 157 (74.1) | 161 (80.5) | 152 (79.2) | 470 (77.7) | 0.608 2 |
| Moderate/High | 36 (25.9) | 23 (19.5) | 27 (20.8) | 86 (22.3) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | |||||
| Non-smoker | 114 (65.6) | 96 (56.1) | 97 (52.1) | 307 (58.4) | 0.034 2 |
| Smoker | 79 (34.4) | 82 (43.9) | 89 (47.9) | 250 (41.6) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 25.2 (23.2, 29.1) | 24.9 (22.7, 28.6) | 26.7 (23.7, 30.8) | 26.5 (23.6, 30.5) | 0.307 1 |
| Biochemical | |||||
| SBP (mm Hg), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 133 (80.1) | 130 (87.2) | 119 (77.3) | 382 (81.5) | 0.089 2 |
| Elevated | 60 (19.9) | 55 (12.8) | 60 (22.7) | 175 (18.5) | |
| DBP (mm Hg), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 163 (85.3) | 168 (91.5) | 144 (81.8) | 465 (86.2) | 0.045 2 |
| Elevated | 30 (14.7) | 27 (8.5) | 35 (18.2) | 92 (13.8) | |
| FPG (mg/dL), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 167 (90.9) | 154 (86.0) | 158 (92.5) | 479 (89.8) | 0.177 2 |
| Elevated | 26 (9.1) | 31 (14.0) | 21 (7.4) | 78 (10.2) | |
| TC (mg/dL), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 118 (69.0) | 98 (58.7) | 88 (54.0) | 304 (61.1) | 0.061 2 |
| Elevated | 75 (31.0) | 87 (41.3) | 91 (46.0) | 253 (38.9) | |
| LDL-c (mg/dL), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 63 (36.2) | 46 (26.6) | 31 (20.5) | 140 (28.2) | 0.098 2 |
| Elevated | 130 (63.8) | 139 (73.4) | 148 (79.5) | 417 (71.8) | |
| HDL-c (mg/dL), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 150 (68.7) | 133 (61.1) | 129 (61.2) | 412 (64.0) | 0.466 2 |
| Elevated | 43 (31.3) | 52 (38.9) | 50 (38.8) | 145 (36.0) | |
| TG (mg/dL), n (%) | |||||
| Normal | 135 (74.2) | 123 (69.5) | 116 (66.8) | 374 (70.4) | 0.565 2 |
| Elevated | 58 (25.8) | 62 (30.5) | 63 (33.2) | 183 (29.6) | |
| Homocysteine (µmol/L) | |||||
| Normal | 163 (88.0) | 162 (93.4) | 156 (89.9) | 481 (90.3) | 0.350 2 |
| Elevated | 30 (12.0) | 23 (6.6) | 23 (10.1) | 76 (9.7) | |
| Dietetic | |||||
| Coffee polyphenol intake (mg/day), median (IQR) | 66.6 (0, 147.4) | 261.6 (225.3, 297.3) | 408.4 (351.8, 546.1) | 247.0 (145.9, 346.7) | <0.001 1 |
| Caffeine intake (mg/day), median (IQR) | 44.7 (24.0, 67.1) | 91.3 (80.2, 100.6) | 147.3 (117.3, 173.3) | 92.4 (60.8, 125.2) | <0.001 1 |
| Alcohol intake (g/day), median (IQR) | 0.1 (0.0, 1.2) | 0.2 (0.0, 2.3) | 0.3 (0.0, 3.2) | 0.2 (0.0, 2.1) | 0.412 1 |
| Sodium intake (mg/day), median (IQR) | 2986.1 (2526.5, 3848.9) | 3260.0 (2563.4, 3895.6) | 3015.9 (2567.4, 3677.5) | 2863.4 (2342.0, 3472.7) | 0.995 1 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/day), median (IQR) | 1679.4 (1354.4, 2013.8) | 1712.8 (1382.3, 2152.6) | 1671.1 (1361.8, 2010.2) | 1543.9 (1243.8, 1887.9) | 0.615 1 |
Abbreviations: DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; HDL-c: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR: Interquartile Range; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MW: Minimum Wage; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; TC: Total cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride. Comparisons across categories were performed using the 1 Kruskall-Wallis test; 2 chi-squared. a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The sample weight was considered for statistical analysis.