. 2017 Mar 16;9(3):291. doi: 10.3390/nu9030291

Table 2.

Selected serum amino acids and biogenic amines (μmol/L) of pigs fed transglycosylated (TGS) or control (CON) starch diets pre- and postprandially.

Metabolite	Fasting State		30 min Postprandially		420 min Postprandially		Pooled SEM	p-Value
Metabolite	CON	TGS	CON	TGS	CON	TGS	Pooled SEM	Diet	Time	D × T
Amino acids
Alanine	589.5 ^cd	540.1 ^d	838.6 ^a	721.4 ^b	645.0 ^bcA	539.2 ^cdB	45.23	0.006	<0.001	0.586
Arginine	160.1 ^bc	166.1 ^b	229.5 ^a	212.0 ^a	147.1 ^bc	127.1 ^c	12.53	0.306	<0.001	0.482
Asparagine	81.6 ^c	79.1 ^c	146.5 ^a	138.1 ^ab	123.9 ^b	125.2 ^b	7.32	0.532	<0.001	0.709
Aspartate	23.9 ^a	15.0 ^b	24.1 ^a	12.7 ^b	17.4 ^ab	11.5 ^b	3.16	0.001	0.199	0.627
Citrulline	84	90.8	94.2	86.6	103.6	98.7	11.75	0.778	0.188	0.609
Glutamine	962 ^cd	884 ^d	1139 ^a	1008 ^bc	1086 ^ab	990 ^bd	58.9	0.008	0.002	0.797
Glutamate	138.1 ^b	106.6 ^c	168.0 ^a	118.3 ^bc	133.8 ^b	97.2 ^c	11.77	<0.001	0.008	0.539
Glycine	1710	1805 ^a	1825 ^ad	1822 ^ab	1519 ^c	1537 ^cd	128.4	0.671	0.014	0.864
Histidine	42.3 ^d	69.4 ^c	104.8 ^a	116.6 ^a	86.0 ^b	115.0 ^a	7.09	<0.001	<0.001	0.233
Isoleucine	177.2 ^c	178.8 ^c	303.5 ^a	282.4 ^a	228.5 ^b	225.4 ^b	13.66	0.497	<0.001	0.65
Leucine	238.2 ^c	248.1 ^c	446.6 ^aA	401.0 ^aB	333.2 ^b	322.4 ^b	18.59	0.314	<0.001	0.308
Lysine	322.1 ^d	366.7 ^d	599.8 ^a	628.4 ^a	435.3 ^c	518.8 ^b	31.22	0.016	<0.001	0.493
Methionine	44.0 ^b	47.8 ^b	105.7 ^a	97.7 ^a	92.9 ^a	96.3 ^a	5.12	0.946	<0.001	0.336
Ornithine	121.9 ^c	128.0 ^c	182.6 ^a	168.1 ^ab	145.6 ^bc	155.6 ^b	10.63	0.946	<0.001	0.347
Phenylalanine	55.9 ^c	62.3 ^c	142.5 ^a	131.6 ^a	112.1 ^b	116.4 ^b	6.38	0.995	<0.001	0.203
Proline	361.9 ^b	373.1 ^b	655.9 ^a	602.4 ^a	607.1 ^a	649.4 ^a	29.83	0.999	<0.001	0.11
Serine	161.5 ^c	158.4 ^c	252.3 ^a	237.8 ^ab	215.7 ^b	220.8 ^b	10.63	0.568	<0.001	0.503
Threonine	209.6 ^c	247.3 ^bc	311.9 ^a	305.0 ^a	281.7 ^ab	302.2 ^a	21.99	0.277	<0.001	0.445
Tryptophan	41.8 ^dB	50.8 ^dA	87.5 ^a	85.7 ^ab	63.6 ^c	77.0 ^b	4.22	0.023	<0.001	0.073
Tyrosine	221.4 ^c	196.3 ^c	330.2 ^ab	290.0 ^b	349.7 ^a	325.3 ^ab	32.93	0.059	<0.001	0.87
Valine	487.6 ^c	478.4 ^c	672.6 ^aA	611.1 ^abB	586.1^b	566.7 ^b	25.22	0.105	<0.001	0.412
Biogenic amines
α-AAA	15.7 ^c	32.1 ^a	12.2 ^cd	26.5 ^b	8.2 ^d	14.4 ^c	2.63	<0.001	<0.001	0.006
Carnosine	16.2	14.5	16.2	13.9	17	14.4	1.82	0.043	0.848	0.939
Met-SO	3.6 ^d	3.4 ^d	7.1 ^c	6.5 ^c	9.5 ^b	12.8 ^a	0.52	0.037	<0.001	0.001
Putrescine	0.72 ^a	0.66 ^ac	0.70 ^a	0.57 ^bcd	0.60 ^abd	0.54 ^d	0.043	0.027	0.03	0.611
Sarcosine	1.1 ^b	1.2 ^b	1.5 ^b	0.9 ^b	1.7 ^b	3.1 ^a	0.4	0.335	0.002	0.041
t4-OH-Pro	95.1 ^bc	91.8 ^bc	112.7 ^a	96.6 ^b	87.0 ^bc	81.1 ^c	6.12	0.053	0.001	0.379
Taurine	30.9 ^bc	32.1 ^b	44.8 ^a	27.2 ^bcd	20.3 ^c	17.3 ^d	4.05	0.052	<0.001	0.045

SEM, standard error of the mean; D × T, Diet × Time; α-AAA, α-amino adipate; Met-SO, methionine-sulfoxide; t4-OH-Pro, trans-4-hydroxyproline. All values are presented as least square means ± SEM; CON diet, n = 6; TGS diet, n = 7. Means with different superscript letters within a row differed significantly (p < 0.05) over all sampling time points. Means with different capital superscript letters tended to differ (0.05 < p ≤ 0.10) over all sampling time points.