Table 1.
Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of NGT, pre-DM and T2DM groups.
| Parameters | NGT (n = 2290) | Pre-DM (n = 682) | T2DM (n = 1471) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-DM vs. NGT | T2DM vs. NGT | ||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 1481 (64.67%) | 409 (59.97%) | 936 (63.63%) | 0.022 | 0.514 |
| Age (year) | 46.93 (10.28) | 49.47 (9.93) | 48.39 (9.60) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.24 (3.06) | 24.80 (3.28) | 25.20 (3.36) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 924 (40.34%) | 193 (28.30%) | 562 (38.21%) | <0.001 | 0.322 |
| Current drinker, n (%) | 828 (36.16%) | 210 (30.79%) | 537 (36.51%) | 0.028 | 0.493 |
| Family history of diabetes, n (%) | 239 (10.44%) | 138 (20.23%) | 335 (22.77%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 542 (23.67%) | 242 (35.48%) | 524 (35.62%) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.19 (0.75) | 6.11 (0.54) | 9.04 (3.21) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| OGTT 2 h (mmol/L) | 6.41 (0.95) | 8.81 (1.36) | 16.79 (4.93) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| FPI (mmol/L) | 6.85 (4.66) | 9.23 (5.86) | 10.65 (8.34) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67 (1.18) | 2.50 (1.72) | 3.85 (3.01) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β | 71.34 (57.45) | 73.87 (51.78) | 46.26 (61.67) | 0.612 | 0.879 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.40 (1.23) | 4.41 (1.53) | 4.42 (1.58) | 0.069 | 0.909 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.30 (0.78) | 1.26 (0.88) | 1.40 (1.02) | 0.831 | <0.001 |
| HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.35 (0.34) | 1.18 (0.53) | 1.12 (0.55) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.37 (0.97) | 2.43 (1.14) | 2.44 (1.32) | 0.344 | 0.090 |
| Chromium (μg/L) | 3.96 (2.19) | 3.61 (1.77) | 3.68 (1.97) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Data were presented as number (percentage) for categorical data, mean (SD) for normally distributed data, or median (interquartile range) for non-normally distributed data. Abbreviations: FPG: fasting plasma glucose; FPI: fasting plasma insulin; HDLC: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-β: homeostasis model assessment of beta cell function; LDLC: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NGT: normal glucose tolerance; OGTT 2 h: post-glucose load after 2 h oral glucose tolerance test; Pre-DM: pre-diabetes mellitus; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.