Table 1.
Clinical and demographic characteristics of sample participants by plasma 25(OH)D concentration (n = 1139).
| Clinical and Demographic Variables | Normal (≥30 µg/L; n = 272) | Suboptimal (≤29 µg/L; n = 867) | p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (Standard Deviation) | |||
| Age (years) | 68.5 (8.2) | 66.2 (8.7) | 0.002 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 144.7 (21.1) | 148.2 (22.4) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.9 (9.9) | 78.1 (10.3) | 0.7 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (3.7) | 25.6 (4.9) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.5 (1.4) | 0.001 |
| N (%) | |||
| Age (n (%)) | |||
| ≤65 | 77 (28.3) | 346 (39.9) | 0.001 |
| >65 | 195 (71.7) | 521 (60.1) | |
| Gender (n (%)) | |||
| Male | 214 (78.7) | 410 (47.3) | <0.001 |
| Female | 58 (21.3) | 457 (52.7) | |
| BMI (n (%)) | |||
| <25 | 184 (67.7) | 415 (47.9) | <0.001 |
| ≥25–29.9 | 78 (28.7) | 310 (35.8) | |
| ≥30 | 10 (3.7) | 142 (16.4) | |
| Ethnicity (n (%)) | |||
| Chinese | 137 (50.4) | 150 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Malay | 99 (36.4) | 523 (60.3) | |
| Indian | 36 (13.2) | 194 (22.4) | |
| Smoking (n (%)) | |||
| Never | 141 (51.8) | 589 (67.9) | <0.001 |
| Current | 65 (23.9) | 119 (13.7) | |
| Ex | 66 (24.3) | 159 (18.3) | |
| Alcohol consumption (n (%)) | |||
| No | 242 (89.0) | 837 (96.5) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 30 (11.0) | 30 (3.5) | |
| Education (n (%)) | |||
| No high school education | 206 (75.7) | 657 (75.8) | 0.9 |
| High school education and above | 66 (24.3) | 210 (24.2) | |
| Income (n (%)) | |||
| <SGD 2000 | 247 (90.8) | 776 (89.5) | 0.5 |
| ≥SGD2000 | 25 (9.2) | 91 (10.5) | |
| Outdoor Job (n (%)) | |||
| No | 256 (94.1) | 832 (96.0) | 0.2 |
| Yes | 16 (5.9) | 25 (4.0) | |
| Diabetes (n (%)) | |||
| No | 221 (81.3) | 634 (73.1) | 0.007 |
| Yes | 51 (18.7) | 233 (26.9) | |
| Hypertension (n (%)) | |||
| No | 76 (27.9) | 204 (23.5) | 0.1 |
| Yes | 196 (72.1) | 663 (76.5) | |
| Hyperlipidaemia (n (%)) | |||
| No | 143 (52.6) | 446 (51.4) | 0.7 |
| Yes | 129 (47.4) | 421 (48.6) | |
* Chi-square (categorical)/independent sample t-test (continuous).