Table 4.

Multivariable adjusted associations of clinical, demographic and lifestyle parameters with 25(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency.

Parameters	Insufficiency (21–29 ng/mL)		Deficiency (≤20 ng/mL)
	OR (95% CI)	p Value	OR (95% CI)	p Value *
Age (per year increase)	0.99 (0.96, 1.01)	0.4	0.97 (0.95, 0.99)	0.012
>65	Reference		Reference
≤65	1.34 (0.86, 2.08)	0.2	2.04 (1.33, 3.14)	0.001
Gender
Male	Reference		Reference
Female	2.49 (1.53, 4.06)	<0.001	5.47 (3.40, 8.81)	<0.001
BMI (per kg/m2 increase)	1.04 (1.00, 1.09)	0.07	1.09 (1.04, 1.14)	<0.001
<25	Reference		Reference
≥25–29.9 (overweight)	1.19 (0.81, 1.75)	0.4	1.43 (0.97, 2.09)	0.07
≥30 (obesity)	1.76 (0.80, 3.86)	0.2	3.73 (1.78, 7.84)	0.001
Ethnicity
Chinese	Reference		Reference
Malay	3.40 (2.22, 5.21)	<0.001	6.47 (4.17, 10.05)	<0.001
Indian	3.81 (2.19, 6.62)	<0.001	8.72 (5.04, 15.11)	<0.001
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Current	0.93 (0.56, 1.56)	0.8	0.77 (0.46, 1.3)	0.3
Ex	1.38 (0.86, 2.23)	0.2	0.9 (0.55, 1.47)	0.7
Alcohol Consumption, yes	0.30 (0.14, 0.67)	0.003	0.47 (0.22, 0.99)	0.047
Education, ≥high school	1.43 (0.91, 2.24)	0.1	1.75 (1.12, 2.73)	0.013
Income, >$2000	2.39 (1.27, 4.5)	0.007	1.83 (0.96, 3.48)	0.065
Outdoor Job, yes	1.21 (0.57, 2.56)	0.6	0.53 (0.23, 1.25)	0.1
Diabetes, yes	0.74 (0.41, 1.33)	0.3	0.7 (0.4, 1.24)	0.2
Hypertension, yes	1.29 (0.77, 2.16)	0.3	1.03 (0.62, 1.72)	0.9
Hyperlipidaemia, yes	0.92 (0.64, 1.31)	0.6	0.99 (0.7, 1.42)	0.9
Systolic BP (per mmHg increase)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.9	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.9
Diastolic BP (per mmHg increase)	0.99 (0.97, 1.02)	0.6	1.00 (0.98, 1.02)	0.9
HbA1c (per % increase)	1.21 (0.98, 1.49)	0.08	1.33 (1.09, 1.64)	0.006

* Multinomial logistic regression models.