Table 2.

Anti-oxidant therapies in PDAC.

Molecule	Dose	Study	n	Parameters	Results	Reference
Vitamin E	200 mg/kg twice a day, for 12 months	In vivo	92 mice	Survival, progression	Increased survival (p < 0.025). Induced BAX and Caspase 3	[91]
Vitamin E	200–3200 mg daily for 13 days	Phase I	25 patients	Safety, pharmacokinetics, apoptosis	Apoptosis induction (p = 0.044)	[92]
Vitamin E	25.1 to 51.3 μM	In vitro	PANC-1, COLO-357, and ASPC-1 cell lines	Cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle	Inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis induction (p < 0.01).	[93]
Curcumin	8 g orally daily	Phase II	25 patients	Tumor volume and interleukin levels	Decreased pSTAT3 (p = 0.009), COX2 (p = 0.029), and L-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1RA (- to 35-fold)	[105]
Ascorbate	Ascorbate dose of 15 g was infused with subsequent dose escalation of 25 to 100 g over 50 min/0–20 mM for 1 h	In vivo	194 mice	Tumor volume and ascorbate levels	Ascorbate decreased growth of ovarian (p < 0.005), pancreatic (p < 0.05), and glioblastoma (p < 0.001) mice tumors	[96]
Ascorbate	50.75 and 100 g three infusions per week, for eight weeks	Phase I	9 patients (stage IV)	Safety and progression	Null toxicity. Seven patients with stable disease, 2 patients with progression disease	[101]
Ascorbate	4 g/kg for two weeks 0.5–10 mmol/L for 1 h	In vivo	28 mice	Tumor growth	Ascorbate inhibited tumor growth (p = 0.001)	[99]
Ascorbate	15–125 g twice weekly	Phase I	9 patients	Safety and progression	Ascorbate combined with gemcitabine should be safe and well tolerated	[102]

Note: n: number of participants.