Figure 1.

Experimental task. Participants engaged in a financial decision-making task. At the beginning of each trial, an initial endowment indicated the target of the decision (self or charity). Following this cue, participants had the opportunity to choose between an all-or-nothing gamble or a safe option with a guaranteed proportion of the initial endowment. A, B, The safe option was presented in the following two conditions: a gain frame (A); and a loss frame (B). Crucially, nearly all trials were matched to an identical trial in the opposite frame that only differed in the presentation of the safe option (“keep” or “lose”). After the choice, a fixation cross was presented for 2–6 s. At the end of the experiment, one trial chosen at random was resolved for payment.