Table 3. Comparison of cytokine profile between GAD and healthy control groups.

Cytokines (pg/ml)	GAD Median (LQ, UQ)	Control Median (LQ, UQ)	Controlling for age, gender, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption                               + controlling for depression
			OR† Per SD	95%CI	P	OR† Per SD	95%CI	P
IL-4	0.04 (0.02, 0.06)	0.04 (0.00, 0.14)	0.96	0.60, 1.54	0.866	1.24	0.69, 2.23	0.481
IL-10	0.22 (0.16, 0.31)	0.80 (0.46, 1.25)	0.27	0.14, 0.51	<0.001	0.35	0.17, 0.70	0.003
TNF-α	1.71 (1.30, 1.99)	1.11 (0.72, 1.69)	0.17	0.09, 0.32	<0.001	0.22	0.19, 0.47	<0.001
IFN-γ	3.02 (2.07, 5.16)	1.07 (0.69, 1.63)	6.83	2.94, 15.90	<0.001	7.46	2.50, 22.22	<0.001

After controlling for age, gender, BMI, smoking and alcohol consumption, the GAD group had lower levels of IL-10 but higher levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α (p<0.001 in all cases). These differences remained significant after adjustment for co-morbid depression. GAD, generalised anxiety disorder. † Odds ratios adjusted for gender, age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption. LQ, lower quartile; UQ, upper quartile; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.