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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Mar 30.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Metab. 2016 Mar 8;23(3):467–478. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.02.003

Figure 7. Energy expenditure through the SNS and hypothalamic nuclei can be modulated by external zeitgebers and cold exposure.

Figure 7

Recognized external zeitgebers such as the light-dark and circadian feeding cycles synchronize hypothalamic clocks including the SCN and the VMH, which in turns modulates the circadian activity of BAT through the SNS controlling energy balance. Central survival responses to cold exposure might contributes on the circadian modulation of BAT activity, triggered by thermo-sensible hypothalamic nuclei such as the POA.