Table 2.
Categorical psychopathology outcome as assigned by the clinician (K-SADS-PL) and dimensional ratings by the bipolar proband (CBCL).
| Categorical psychopathology | US sample, n = 224
|
Dutch sample, n = 136
|
p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Lifetime | |||||
| Any DSM-IV axis-I disorder | 147 | 65.6 | 60 | 44.1 | <.001 |
| Any mood disorder | 69 | 30.8 | 34 | 25 | .24 |
| - Bipolar I disorder | 5 | 2.2 | 2 | 1.5 | .71 |
| - Bipolar II disorder | 4 | 1.8 | 1 | .7 | .65 |
| - BD-NOSa | 15 | 6.7 | ND | ND | ND |
| - Cyclothymiaa | ND | ND | 2 | 1.5 | ND |
| - Major depressive disorder | 30 | 13.4 | 6 | 4.4 | .006 |
| - Dysthymic disorder | 5 | 2.2 | 7 | 5.1 | .14 |
| - Depression NOS | 18 | 8.0 | 17 | 12.5 | .17 |
| Any psychotic disorder | 1 | .4 | 0 | .0 | 1.0 |
| Any anxiety disorderb | 70 | 31.3 | 12 | 8.8 | <.001 |
| ADHD | 50 | 22.3 | 11 | 8.1 | <.001 |
| Disruptive behavior disordersc | 43 | 19.2 | 8 | 5.9 | <.001 |
| Autism spectrum disordersd | 4 | 1.8 | 7 | 5.1 | .11 |
| Substance use disorders | 12 | 5.4 | 3 | 2.2 | .18 |
| Other disorderse | 51 | 22.8 | 17 | 12.5 | .02 |
| Current | |||||
| Any DSM-IV axis-I disorder | 115 | 51.3 | 40 | 29.4 | <.001 |
| Any mood disorder | 44 | 19.6 | 18 | 13.2 | .12 |
| Dimensional psychopathology |
US sample, n = 214
|
Dutch sample, n = 112
|
p | ||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
|
| |||||
| Total problems | 32.22 | 24.9 | 27.49 | 20.7 | .09 |
| Internalizing problems | 10.44 | 8.8 | 8.82 | 8.2 | .11 |
| Externalizing problems | 9.58 | 8.5 | 8.11 | 6.4 | .08 |
| Mania scale | 4.96 | 4.7 | 4.12 | 3.9 | .09 |
| Offspring with mood disorders | n = 65 | n = 27 | |||
| Total problems | 47.66 | 29.0 | 42.63 | 23.2 | .42 |
| Internalizing problems | 15.57 | 11.1 | 14.44 | 9.0 | .64 |
| Externalizing problems | 15.00 | 9.7 | 10.81 | 7.6 | .03 |
| Mania scale | 7.82 | 5.5 | 7.11 | 5.2 | .57 |
Lifetime and current categorical psychopathology. Current categorical psycho-pathology is defined as the past 2 months.
Note: ND = not determined; BD = bipolar disorder; NOS = not otherwise specified; ADHD = Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
BD-NOS was not assessed in the Dutch sample. In the US-sample cyclothymia was subsumed under the BD-NOS category (see methods section).
Any anxiety disorder includes: generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social-, agora- and specific phobia’s, posttraumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety nos.
Disruptive behavior disorders includes: opposition defiant-, conduct-, tic-disorder and disruptive disorder nos.
Autism Spectrum disorders includes: Autism-, PDD-NOS or Asperger disorder.
Other disorders includes: lifetime: eating-, body dismorphic-, elimination-, adjustment- and somatization disorders.