Table 2.
Characteristics, modules, risk assessments, and technologies of the included mobile app-based interventions.
| Study | Country | No. patients: baseline/ end |
Diabetes type | Follow-up (months) | Mean (SD) HbA1ca, %: baseline; end; change | Intervention | FMb | DMMc | Risk assessmentd | Technology |
| Hsu, 2016 [38] | US | Ie: 20/15; Cf: 20/16 |
2 | 3 | I: 10.8 (1.0); 7.7 (1.6); –3.2 (1.5) C: 10.9 (0.9); 8.9 (2.2); –2.0 (2.0) |
Cloud-based diabetes management program | L, StD, GE, Co | M, MM, LM, CP | Potential | Wireless |
| Baron, 2017 [39] | UK | I: 45/40; C: 36/31 |
Both | 9 | I: 9.1 (1.8); 8.6 (1.6); C: 8.9 (1.7); 8.9 (1.6) |
Mobile telehealth | L, StD, GE, PF, Co | M, MM, LM | Potential | Wireless |
| Drion, 2015 [40] | Netherlands | I: 31/30; C: 32/32 |
1 | 3 | I: 7.73 (NRg); 7.91 (NR); C: 7.82 (NR); 7.91 (NR) |
Diabetes Under Control (DBEES) | L, StD | M, MM, LM | Potential | Manual entry |
| Holmen, 2014 [41]; Torbjornsen, 2014 [42] | Norway | I: 51/39; C: 50/41 |
2 | 12 | I: 8.1 (1.1); 7.8 (0.9); C: 8.3 (1.2); 8.2 (1.1) |
Few Touch Application (FTA) | L, StD, GE, PF, Co | M, LM | Potential | Wireless |
| Waki, 2014 [43] | Japan | I: 27/24; C: 27/25 |
2 | 3 | I: 7.1 (1.0); 6.7 (0.7); C: 7.0 (0.9); 7.1 (1.1) |
DialBetics | L, StD, GE, PF, Co | M, LM | Potential | Wireless |
| Kirwan, 2013 [37] | Australia | I: 36/28; C: 36/32 |
1 | 9 | I: 9.1 (1.2); 8.0 (0.7); C: 8.5 (0.9); 8.4 (1.0) |
Glucose Buddy | L, StD | M, MM, LM | Potential | Manual entry |
| Rossi, 2013 [44] | Italy | I: 63/55; C: 64/57 |
1 | 6 | I: 8.4 (NR); 7.9 (NR); –0.5 (NR); C: 8.5 (NR); 8.1 (NR); –0.5 (NR) |
Diabetes Interactive Diary | L, PF, Co | M, MM, LM | High | Manual entry |
| Charpentier, 2011 [45] | France | I: 60/56; C: 61/60 |
1 | 6 | I: 9.2 (1.1); 8.6 (1.1); C: 8.9 (0.9); 9.1 (1.2) |
Diabeo system | L, StD, PF, Co | M, MM, LM | High | Manual entry |
| Rossi, 2010 [46] | Italy | I: 67/58; C: 63/61 |
1 | 6 | I: 8.2 (0.8); 7.8 (0.8); –0.4 (0.9); C: 8.4 (0.7); 7.9 (1.1); –0.5 (1.0) |
Diabetes Interactive Diary | L, PF, Co | M, MM, LM | High | Manual entry |
| Yoo, 2009 [47] | Korea | I: 62/57; C: 61/54 |
2 | 3 | I: 7.6 (0.9); 7.1 (0.8); C: 7.4 (0.9) 7.6 (1.0) |
Ubiquitous Chronic Disease Care (UCDC) system | L, GE, PF | M, LM | Potential | Wire |
| Istepanian, 2009 [48] | UK | I: 72/NR; C: 65/NR |
Both | 9 | I: 7.9 (1.5); 7.8 (NR); C: 8.1 (1.6) 8.4 (NR) |
Mobile phone telemonitoring system | L, Co | M | Potential | Wireless |
| Quinn, 2008 [49] | US | I: 15/13; C: 15/13 |
2 | 3 | I: 9.5 (NR); 7.5 (NR); C: 9.1 (NR); 8.4 (NR) |
WellDoc Communications | L, StD, GE, PF, Co | M, MM, LM, CP | Potential | Wireless |
aHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
bFM: functional modules are communication (Co), general education (GE), log (L), personalized feedback (PF), and structured display (StD).
cDMM: diabetes management modules are complication prevention (CP), lifestyle modification (LM), monitoring (M), and medication management (MM).
dThe overall risk assessment of an intervention was determined by the highest risk of its functions.
eI: intervention group.
fC: control group.
gNR: not reported.