Table 3.

Between-groups comparison of toddlers' gesture, sign, and spoken language use in the 30-min language samples.

	NH group (n = 23)		HL group (n = 25)		Between-groups comparison
	M (SD)	Range	M (SD)	Range	Test statistic	Effect size
Gesture
Tokens	17.57 (19.94)	0–91	17.52 (18.39)	0–78	t = 0.01	d < −0.01
Types	7.00 (6.11)	0–21	6.20 (4.33)	0–17	t = 0.52	d = 0.15
Signs
Tokens	0.17 (.83)	0–4	0.92 (3.43)	0–17	U = 255.00	r = −.18
Types	0.09 (.42)	0–2	0.36 (1.08)	0–5	U = 254.50	r = −.19
Spoken word
Tokens	10.70 (16.17)	0–58	2.68 (6.18)	0–28	U = 148.00**	r = −0.42
Types	3.83 (3.63)	0–13	1.00 (1.73)	0–8	U = 136.00**	r = −0.47

Note. NH = normal hearing; HL = hearing loss.

^** p < .01