TABLE 2.
Summary of measures used in various studies in the present review
| SOURCE | SCALE/MEASURE | DESCRIPTION |
|---|---|---|
| Kipping et al18 (2012) | Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability Scale (FLACC) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) |
Self-reported pain measure and caregiver observation. Nursing staff reported scores on a scale of 0–2 for 5 measurement categories: faces, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (e.g., face: no particular expression [0], occasional frown [1], frequent quivering chin [2]. A total score out of 10 is then created) 10cm horizontal line measuring pain (0=no pain; 10=pain as bad as could be), presence (0=not at all, 10=totally went into game world), and nausea (0=no sick tummy; 10=as bad as could be) |
| Morris et al19 (2010) | Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Burn Specific Pain Anxiety Scale (BSPAS) |
Self-reported pain scale ranging from none (0), mild (1–3), moderate (4–6), and severe (7–10) 9-item self-report scale highly correlated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S, r = 0.58, p < 0.005) |
| Li et al25 (2011) | Chinese Version of the State Anxiety for Children (CSAS-C) Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) |
10-items scored ranging from 1–3 with a maximum total score of 10–30; higher scores represent higher anxiety 20-item test with short statements regarding cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of depression; responses are measured on a 4-point Likert scale (0=not at all, 1=a little, 2=some, 3=a lot) |
| Cesa et al26 (2013) | Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) | 19-item self-reported scale measuring the likelihood of a patient to situations and habits provoking negative body image |
| Manzoni et al27 (2009) | Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire (WELSQ) Emotional Overeating Questionnaire (EOQ) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) |
20-item questionnaire measuring self-efficacy across 5 situational factors: negative emotions, availability, social pressure, physical discomfort, and positive activities 6-items; each begins with “on how many days out of the past 28 days have you eaten an unusually large amount of food of…” followed by 6 emotions; participants must indicate which one describes their reasoning most accurately (e.g., anxiety: worry, jittery, nervous); other emotions include sadness, loneliness, tiredness, anger, and happiness 40-item test on a 4-point Likert scale; 20 items measure state anxiety (current feelings) and 20 items measure trait anxiety (more stable over time and situations 21-item test ranging from 1–20 (normal) to over 40 (extreme depression); items inquire about feelings of sadness, thoughts about the future, self-image |
| Larson et al23 (2011) | Virtual Reality and Robotic Optical Operations Machine (VRROOM) | A 3-D system that allows patients to view virtual objects super-imposed onto the real world |
| Yin et al22 (2014) | Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) | 33 items that measure upper extremity motor impairement on a 3-point rating scale; performance-based index that assesses balance, sensation, and motor functioning |