Table 1.
Demographic characteristics (n=433)
| Characteristics | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Age (mean±SD) | 45.14±10.68 yrs |
| BMI (mean±SD) | 24.73±4.17 kg/m2 |
| Sex | |
| -Male | 140 (32.3%) |
| -Female | 293 (67.7%) |
| Underlying disease | |
| -Yes | 127 (29.3%) |
| -No | 306 (70.7%) |
| Smoking status | |
| -Current smoker | 100 (23.1%) |
| -Former smoker | 8 ( 1.8%) |
| -Never smoker | 325 (75.1%) |
| Alcohol drinking status | |
| -Current drinker | 54 (12.5%) |
| -Former drinker | 7 ( 1.6%) |
| -Never drinker | 372 (85.9%) |
| Exposure to pesticides | |
| -Yes | 126 (29.1%) |
| -No | 307 (70.9%) |
| Educational level | |
| -Primary school | 237 (54.7%) |
| -Secondary school | 155 (35.8%) |
| -Post-secondary school | 41 ( 9.5%) |
| Status | |
| -Owner operators | 263 (60.7%) |
| -Employee | 111 (25.6%) |
| -Both | 59 (13.6%) |
| Flexibility level of back and leg muscles | |
| -Very low | 78 (18.0%) |
| -Low | 70 (16.2%) |
| -Moderate | 189 (43.6%) |
| -Good | 52 (12.0%) |
| -Very good | 44 (10.2%) |
| Stability of lumbopelvic region | |
| -Level 0 | 333 (76.9%) |
| -Level 1 | 88 (20.3%) |
| -Level 2 | 10 ( 2.3%) |
| -Level 3 | 1 ( 0.2%) |
| -Level 4 | 0 ( 0%) |
| -Level 5 | 1 ( 0.2%) |
| Disability score (n=143)* (mean±SD) | 9.61±7.29 |
| Disability level (n=143)* | |
| -Minimal disability | 137 (95.8%) |
| -Moderate disability | 6 ( 4.2%) |
| -Severe disability | 0 ( 0%) |
| -Crippled | 0 ( 0%) |
| -Bed-bound/exaggerating their symptoms | 0 ( 0%) |
| Physical activity levels | |
| -Low | 243 (56.1%) |
| -Moderate | 33 ( 7.6%) |
| -High | 157 (36.3%) |
| Working experience (mean±SD) | 20.38±11.54 yrs |
| Duration of work per day (mean±SD) | 6±2.39 hrs |
| Having a secondary job | |
| -Yes | 112 (25.9%) |
| -No | 321 (74.1%) |
| Current tapping levels | |
| -Above eye | 79 (18.2%) |
| -Eye | 40 ( 9.2%) |
| -Thoracic | 150 (34.6%) |
| -Waist | 95 (21.9%) |
| -Knee | 42 ( 9.7%) |
| -Below knee | 27 ( 6.2%) |
| Duration of work in each task (range) | |
| -Tapping | 1-9.5 hrs |
| -Collecting | 0.5-8 hrs |
| -Sheeting | 1-4 hrs |
| Duration at the current tapping level | |
| -<3 months | 204 (47.1%) |
| -3-6 months | 164 (37.9%) |
| -6-12 months | 59 (13.6%) |
| ->12 months | 6 ( 1.4%) |
| Common posture at work | |
| -Repetitive trunk flexion | 216 ( 50%) |
| -Standing and walking | 195 ( 45%) |
| -Sitting | 21 ( 4.8%) |
| -Reaching | 1 ( 0.2%) |
| -Lifting | 0 ( 0%) |
| Sleep hour (mean±SD) | 5.35±1.51 h |
| Starting time to work or get up (mean±SD) | 3.75±5.88 h |
| (mode) | 01.00 h |
| Sufficient sleep | |
| -Yes | 291 (67.2%) |
| -No | 142 (32.8%) |
| Stress level | |
| -Mild stress | 354 (81.8%) |
| -Moderate stress | 69 (15.9%) |
| -High stress | 10 ( 2.3%) |
| -Severe stress | 0 ( 0%) |
| *n=participants who reported LBP at the current time | |