Table 2. Key Findings (Responder Type and Duration of Association with PTS).
| Association between responder contact and PTS at… | ||||||||
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| Type | Citation | Sample | Responder contact variable | Time of study (retrospective designs) | 2-6 weeks | 2-3 months | 6-12 months | |
| Combined Informal & Formal | ||||||||
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| Feehan et al., 2001 | 233 male and 141 female survivors of past-year physical or sexual assault | Help sought within 48 hours | No | -- | -- | -- | ||
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| Informal | ||||||||
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| Andrews et al., 2003 | 34 female survivors of past-month physical or sexual assault | Frequency of positive support received within 1 month of assault | -- | -- | -- | No | ||
| Frequency of support satisfaction within 1 month of assault | -- | -- | -- | Yes (-) | ||||
| Frequency of negative responses received within 1 month of assault | -- | -- | -- | Yes (+) | ||||
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| Elklit & Christiansen, 2013 | 136 female survivors of sexual assault in past 72 hours | Frequency of perceived positive support related to assault received within 2 weeks of assault | -- | -- | Mixed: Yes (-) in bivariate results No in multivariate model | -- | ||
| Satisfaction with support received within 2 weeks of assault | -- | -- | Mixed: Yes (-) in bivariate results No in multivariate model | -- | ||||
| Feeling let down by support received within 2 weeks of assault | -- | -- | No | -- | ||||
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| Formal | ||||||||
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| Psychotherapy | Foa et al., 1995 | 20 female survivors of physical or sexual assault in past 2 weeks | Receipt of 4-week preventive cognitive behavioral program (vs. no-treatment control) | -- | Yes (-) | -- | No | |
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| Foa, Zoellner, & Feeny, 2006 | 90 female survivors of physical or sexual assault in past 2-46 days | Receipt of 4-week preventive cognitive behavioral program (vs. assessment or supportive counseling control) | -- | No | -- | No | ||
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| Miller et al., 2015 | 164 female survivors of sexual assault in past 72 hours | Psychoeducational video intervention concurrent to forensic medical exam, received within 72 hours of rape (vs. standard care control) | -- | Mixed: Yes (-) for those without prior rape history No for those with prior rape history | No | -- | ||
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| Resnick et al., 2007 | 140 female survivors of sexual assault in past 72 hours | Psychoeducational video intervention concurrent to forensic medical exam, received within 72 hours of rape (vs. standard care control) | -- | Mixed: Yes (-) for those with prior rape history Yes (+) for those without prior rape history | -- | No | ||
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| Tarquinio et al., 2012 | 17 female survivors of sexual assault in past 24-78 hours with no prior sexual assault history | Modified eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (no control group) | -- | Yes (-) | -- | Yes (-) | ||
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| Criminal justice | Darves-Bornoz et al., 1998 | 73 survivors of sexual assault that had just taken place (gender and exact time since assault not specified) | Reported assault to police immediately | -- | -- | -- | No | |
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| Feehan et al., 2001 | 233 male and 141 female survivors of past-year physical or sexual assault | Reported assault to police | No | -- | -- | -- | ||
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| Maddox et al., 2011 | 21 female and 1 male survivors of rape in past 18 months | Perception of police empathy during interview | Yes (-) | -- | -- | -- | ||
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| Walsh & Bruce, 2011 | 41 female survivors of rape in past 3 to 116 months | Reported assault to police | No | -- | -- | -- | ||
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| Walsh & Bruce, 2014 | 668 female and 166 male survivors of sexual assault since age 14 | Reported assault to police | Mixed: Yes (+) for reexperiencing Yes (+) for hyperarousal Yes (-) for avoidance | -- | -- | -- | ||
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| Healthcare | Campbell et al., 2001 | 102 female survivors of sexual assault in adulthood | Received HIV info | Yes (-) | -- | -- | -- | |
| Received morning after pill | Yes (-) | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Rated medical system as hurtful | Yes (+) | -- | -- | -- | ||||
Note. Yes(-) indicates that the experience was associated with significantly lower PTS; Yes(+) indicates that the experience was associated with significantly higher PTS; No indicates that no statistical association was identified between the experience and PTS