Table 2.
Approaches for CKD treatment
| Strategy | Drug Name | Ref. No. | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Optimize and maximize RAAS blockade | RAAS blocker | Renin inhibitor, ACEI, ARB, Aldosterone synthesis inhibitor | (25, 57, 66, 73, 77) |
| New targets | ETAR antagonist | Atrasentan | (21, 42) |
| TGF-β inhibitor | Pirfenidone | (14, 75) | |
| Antioxidant | Allopurinol, Febuxostat | (27, 31, 40, 54) | |
| Anti-inflammation | CCX140, Pentoxifylline | (20, 61) | |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | Empagliflozin | (95) | |
| Regenerative medicine | Stimulate renal regeneration | BMP-7 | (59, 80, 102) |
| Stem cell-based regenerative therapy | HSCs, MSCs, EPCs | (2, 23, 37, 64, 69, 76, 79, 85) |
RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, ANG II receptor blocker; ETAR, endothelin receptor type A; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; SGLT2, sodium glucose cotransporter 2; BMP-7, bone morphogenetic protein-7; HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; EPCs, endothelial progenitor cells.