Fig. 1.

Effects of desmopressin (Des) on hydration status and renal function. Serum osmolality (A) increased in the heat stress control group and tended to be lower in the heat group that received desmopressin. Urine osmolality (B) and urine creatinine (Cr, C) increased with heat stress but also in both groups receiving desmopressin. Serum copeptin (D) increased in the two groups of mice exposed to heat stress and dehydration. No differences in serum creatinine (E) was observed, whereas an increase in serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (F) tended to increase in the desmopressin groups. Urine albumin (G) stepwise increased with desmopressin alone, followed by heat stress/dehydration, and then heat stress plus desmopressin. Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein (NGAL) excretion (H) was highest in groups receiving desmopressin. NS, not significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001.