. 2015 Mar;76(2):307–316. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2015.76.307

Table 4.

Multilevel longitudinal modeling of longitudinal data on heavy alcohol or drug use over time

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4
Variable	β	SE	Exp(β)	β	SE	Exp(β)	β	SE	Exp(β)	β	SE	Exp(β)
Effect
Intercept	-1.06^***	0.16	0.35	-1.05^***	0.18	0.35	-0.25	0.23	0.78	2.55	1.34	12.86
Time							-0.25^***	0.04	0.78	-0.25^***	0.04	0.78
Age										-0.08^***	0.02	0.92
Generation
Mother										1.59^**	0.55	4.92
Daughter (ref.)										0.00	–	–
Education
Less than H.S.										0.16	1.04	1.18
H.S.										0.17	1.05	1.19
More than H.S.										0.04	1.04	1.04
Bachelor’s degree										0.62	1.06	1.86
Graduate degree (ref.)										0.00	–	–
History of alcohol treatment
No treatment										0.06	0.72	1.07
Treatment (ref.)										0.00	–	–
Birth country
Outside U.S.										-0.91^*	0.38	0.40
U.S. (ref.)										0.00	–	–
Attachment score										-0.03^**	0.01	0.97
Covariance
Level 2	3.49	0.82		2.26	0.74		3.13	0.98		2.80	0.92
Level 3				1.22	0.57		1.54	0.73		0.62	0.60
Model fit
-2 ln (Likelihood)		933.35			927.95			883.05			837.06
AIC		937.35			933.95			891.05			863.06
BIC		944.51			942.62			902.61			900.64
	χ²	df	p	χ²	df	p	χ²	df	p	χ²	df	p
Covariance test	84.17	1	<.001	89.57	2	<.001	106.89	2	<.001	71.21	2	<.001

Notes: The exp(β) represents the odds ratio. Ref. = reference; H.S. = high school; AIC = Akaike Information Criterion; BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.

p < .05;

^**

p < .01;

^***

p < .001.