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. 2017 Mar 31;7:45585. doi: 10.1038/srep45585

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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(a) Fern leaves (Polystichum munitum). Highlighted: SEM of the internal structure of Fern leaves. Scale bar 100 μm. (b) Hilbert fractal structures. (c) Peano fractal structures. (d) Sierpinski fractal structures. (e) Planar structures. (f) Calculated Hausdorff dimensions. (g) The surface area to volume ratio (SA:V) and the total ionic path obtained for different MSC electrode designs for two widths d₁ and d₂ in an area of 4 × 4 cm².