Figure 2. Clinical courses of two representative non-SVR cases in whom pretreatment RAVs were not detected by Sanger sequencing.

Time courses of HCV-RNA levels are shown in the upper panels. Every pie chart in the lower panels demonstrates the amino acid frequencies at NS3-D168, NS5A-L31, and Y93 determined by ultra-deep sequencing. (A) A 61-year-old female with hepatitis C (Case #1). HCV-RNA became undetectable 4 weeks after the initiation of therapy and increased again at week 8 of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir (DCV/ASV) therapy. (B) A 72-year-old female with liver cirrhosis (Case #12). She experienced a viral breakthrough 11 weeks after the initiation of DCV/ASV therapy.