Table 3.
Association of amino acids with GDM, T2D and normal pregnancy in nominal logistic regression
| Amino acid | Crude | Adjusteda | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | CI | P value | ||
| ASN | GDM/NGa | 1.57 | 0.77–3.22 | 0.21 | 3.64 | 1.22–10.74 | 0.01 |
| T2D/NG | 2.36 | 1.15–4.85 | 0.01 | 6.78 | 1.92–23.91 | <0.01 | |
| SER | GDM/NG | 1.10 | 0.66–1.83 | 0.70 | 1.25 | 0.67–2.34 | 0.46 |
| T2D/NG | 0.79 | 0.42–1.46 | 0.45 | 0.73 | 0.32–1.63 | 0.44 | |
| HIS | GDM/NG | 0.68 | 0.39–1.16 | 0.15 | 0.74 | 0.41–1.33 | 0.32 |
| T2D/NG | 0.46 | 0.23–0.89 | 0.02 | 0.27 | 0.08–0.84 | 0.02 | |
| GLN | GDM/NG | 1.25 | 0.73–2.14 | 0.40 | 1.39 | 0.75–2.57 | 0.29 |
| T2D/NG | 0.65 | 0.34–1.21 | 0.18 | 0.73 | 0.34–1.57 | 0.42 | |
| CIT | GDM/NG | 1.10 | 0.6–2.03 | 0.74 | 1.40 | 0.60–3.23 | 0.43 |
| T2D/NG | 1.84 | 0.90–3.74 | 0.09 | 1.44 | 0.65–3.17 | 0.36 | |
| GLY | GDM/NG | 1.03 | 0.62–1.71 | 0.32 | 0.75 | 0.43–1.31 | 0.31 |
| T2D/NG | 0.48 | 0.25–0.94 | 0.03 | 0.41 | 0.16–1.05 | 0.06 | |
| THR | GDM/NG | 1.95 | 1.05–3.60 | 0.03 | 3.38 | 1.39–8.25 | <0.01 |
| T2D/NG | 1.52 | 0.77–2.98 | 0.22 | 4.12 | 1.49–11.41 | <0.01 | |
| ILE | GDM/NG | 1.24 | 0.59–2.57 | 0.56 | 1.19 | 0.54–2.62 | 0.69 |
| T2D/NG | 4.81 | 2.10–11.03 | <0.01 | 4.99 | 1.63–15.20 | <0.01 | |
| LEU | GDM/NG | 1.36 | 0.71–2.61 | 0.30 | 1.50 | 0.67–3.36 | 0.32 |
| T2D/NG | 2.32 | 1.15–4.68 | 0.02 | 1.35 | 0.56–3.25 | 0.51 | |
| ORN | GDM/NG | 0.79 | 0.46–1.34 | 0.37 | 0.86 | 0.47–1.55 | 0.62 |
| T2D/NG | 0.76 | 0.42–1.35 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.15–0.97 | 0.01 | |
| LYS | GDM/NG | 1.18 | 0.66–2.11 | 0.57 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.15 | 0.29 |
| T2D/NG | 0.58 | 0.29–1.14 | 0.12 | 0.83 | 0.76–0.93 | <0.01 | |
| ASP | GDM/NG | 2.44 | 0.90–6.65 | 0.08 | 3.92 | 1.19–12.91 | 0.02 |
| T2D/NG | 2.31 | 0.83–6.42 | 0.11 | 3.19 | 0.95–1.067 | 0.06 | |
| TYR | GDM/NG | 1.09 | 0.54–2.21 | 0.79 | 1.08 | 0.51–2.26 | 0.83 |
| T2D/NG | 2.64 | 1.27–5.50 | <0.01 | 1.74 | 0.76–3.96 | 0.19 | |
| TRP | GDM/NG | 0.82 | 0.48–1.42 | 0.42 | 0.79 | 0.45–1.40 | 0.43 |
| T2D/NG | 0.96 | 0.56–1.65 | 0.89 | 0.64 | 0.29–1.42 | 0.27 | |
| MET | GDM/NG | 2.48 | 0.64–9.57 | 0.18 | 4.57 | 0.94–21.91 | 0.05 |
| T2D/NG | 0.81 | 0.45–1.45 | 0.48 | 0.77 | 0.36–1.65 | 0.50 | |
| VAL | GDM/NG | 1.89 | 0.71–4.51 | 0.21 | 2.11 | 0.77–5.77 | 0.14 |
| T2D/NG | 7.70 | 2.66–22.27 | <0.01 | 4.85 | 1.55–15.14 | <0.01 | |
| PHE | GDM/NG | 2.07 | 0.95–4.55 | 0.06 | 2.66 | 1.01–6.94 | 0.04 |
| T2D/NG | 3.01 | 1.21–6.26 | <0.01 | 3.12 | 1.09–8.95 | 0.03 | |
| GLU | GDM/NG | 2.19 | 0.93–5.14 | 0.07 | 2.53 | 1.02–6.26 | 0.04 |
| T2D/NG | 2.99 | 1.26–7.11 | 0.01 | 3.26 | 1.19–8.88 | 0.02 | |
| ARG | GDM/NG | 1.83 | 1.02–3.30 | 0.04 | 1.96 | 1.02–3.76 | 0.04 |
| T2D/NG | 0.84 | 0.44–1.59 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.46–2.18 | 0.90 | |
| AlA | GDM/NG | 1.20 | 0.71–2.04 | 0.48 | 1.42 | 0.76–2.65 | 0.27 |
| T2D/NG | 0.84 | 0.47–1.50 | 0.56 | 0.90 | 0.41–1.99 | 0.81 | |
NG pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance test, GDM women with gestational diabetes mellitus, T2D pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Metabolite levels were standardized to SD unit
aadjusted for gestational age and body mass index (BMI)
Boldface indicates significance of data with p_value <0.05