Table 4.
Crudea and adjustedb ORs for visiting a health service, by other variables of interest
| Variable | Crude ORs (95% CI)a | Fully-adjusted ORs (95% CI) | Likelihood Ratio Test p-value for fully-adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza circulating | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.1107 |
| Yes | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 0.79 (0.59–1.05) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 0.0003 |
| Female | 1.46 (1.22–1.74) | 1.62 (1.23–2.14) | |
| Age (years) | |||
| 0–18 | 1 | 1 | 0.0387 |
| 19–45 | 0.48 (0.35–0.67) | 0.40 (0.18–0.88) | |
| 46–65 | 0.66 (0.48–0.91) | 0.49 (0.22–1.08) | |
| ≥ 66 | 0.66 (0.45–0.97) | 0.63 (0.27–1.47) | |
| Highest qualification | |||
| None | 1 | 1 | 0.1996 |
| GCSEs/equivalent | 1.03 (0.66–1.60) | 0.93 (0.47–1.85) | |
| A-Levels/equivalent | 0.95 (0.63–1.43) | 0.86 (0.44–1.67) | |
| Undergraduate | 0.63 (0.42–0.93) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | |
| Post-graduate | 0.60 (0.41–0.87) | 0.69 (0.36–1.34) | |
| Transport used | |||
| Walk/Bike | 1 | 1 | 0.1105 |
| Personal transport | 1.54 (1.23–1.92) | 1.31 (0.94–1.83) | |
| Public transport | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | |
| Other | 4.95 (1.63–15.00) | 1.76 (0.20–15.33) | |
| Children in household | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.4407 |
| Yes | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) | |
| Smoking status | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.0524 |
| Yes | 1.44 (1.10–1.90) | 1.47 (1.00–2.17) | |
| Flu vaccine | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.0895 |
| Yes | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | |
| Asthma | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.0167 |
| Yes | 1.86 (1.47–2.36) | 1.56 (1.08–2.25) | |
| Allergies | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.3267 |
| Yes | 1.21 (1.02–1.42) | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | |
| Diabetes | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.0007 |
| Yes | 2.17 (1.46–3.22) | 2.78 (1.55–5.00) | |
| Chronic Lung Disease | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.1912 |
| Yes | 2.78 (1.53–5.03) | 1.72 (0.77–3.84) | |
| Heart Disease | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.2235 |
| Yes | 1.53 (1.05–2.24) | 1.42 (0.81–2.47) | |
| Renal Disease | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.2154 |
| Yes | 1.61 (0.51–5.09) | 0.31 (0.05–2.14) | |
| Immunodeficiency | |||
| No | 1 | 1 | 0.3764 |
| Yes | 2.57 (1.48–4.47) | 1.44 (0.65–3.19) | |
| Self-diagnosis | |||
| Cold | 1 | 1 | <0.0001 |
| Flu | 8.19 (6.70–9.99) | 3.39 (2.38–4.83) | |
| Flu Season (year) | |||
| 2011–12 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | - | 0.0621 |
| 2012–13 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2013–14 | 0.65 (0.52–0.82) | 0.87 (0.63–1.20) | |
| 2014–15 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.25 (0.95–1.64) | |
aThe crude ORs include all four years of data. Due to the inclusion of health-score, for which data was not collected in the 2011–12 season, the fully-adjusted model excludes 2011–12. Crude analyses excluding 2011–12 showed similar results to the crude analyses presented here (Additional file 6: Table S3). bAdjusted for all other variables and severity indicators