Fig. 4.

Molecular detection of the 1014 knock-down resistance (kdr) mutation on the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSG) gene. a DNA sequence alignment of the fragment of VGSC gene encompassing nucleotides corresponding to the codon 1014 in various Anopheles species collected on the TMB. Bold character indicates the coding part of the DNA sequence (exon 20); codon 1014 is figured in red. b Consensus amino-acid sequence of the exon 20 determined for each anopheline taxa. The non-synonymous TCG polymorphism detected in An. hyrcanus (s.l.) is responsible for the L1014S kdr mutation; both heterozygous and homozygous mutations were detected. Other polymorphisms are either synonymous or located on non-coding part of the DNA sequence (GenBank Accession numbers KY677707–KY677716)