Table 2.

Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, biomarkers' probabilistic impact on Alzheimer's disease presence and the corresponding bibliographic reference.

Biomarker	Relative probability related to AD progression	References
Age (>85)	38%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Age (75–84)	43%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Age (65–74)	15%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Age (<65)	4%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Lewy Body disease	10-20% The only way to conclusively diagnose the Dementia with Lewy Bodies is through a postmortem autopsy, and it is quite difficult to be recognized as no Alzheimer's Disease	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
APP	10%,15%,50%	Bird, 2012
Hypertension	20%	Israeli-Korn et al., 2010
GTPases	<1%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Depression	13.2%	Modrego and Ferrández, 2004; Barnes and Yaffe, 2011
Smoking	27.4%	Barnes and Yaffe, 2011
Diabetes	6.4%	Barnes and Yaffe, 2011
Obesity	3.4%	Barnes and Yaffe, 2011
Physical Activity	17.7%	Barnes and Yaffe, 2011
APOE4	30-70%	Bird, 2012
PS 1,2	5%	Bird, 2012
Amyloid Angiopathy	80%	Serrano-Pozo et al., 2011
Oxidative Stress	25-30%	Christen, 2000
Inflammation	30-40%	de la Torre, 2002
Isoprostanes	50%	Praticò et al., 2002
P53	75%	Hooper et al., 2007
Cytokines	50%	Chakrabarty et al., 2015
miRNAs	60%	Wang et al., 2009
DVLP	74.3%	Wang et al., 2009
OPA1	61.4%	Wang et al., 2009
MFN1	27.8%	Wang et al., 2009
MFN2	33.6%	Wang et al., 2009
FIS1	60%	Wang et al., 2009
Visual, neuropsychiatric disorders	5%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Executive, language, praxis disorders	40%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
DayLiving disorders	10-20%	Alzheimer's Association, 2015
Metal Ions	24%	Nazem and Mansoori, 2011
Unbalance Ca	5%	Shilling et al., 2014
Senile plaques	Over 60% until the Age of 80 and increases linearly on the Age	Stone, 2008
Amyloid Beta	Over 50% in Ages>85	Snider et al., 2009
Hippocampal volume loss/Memory Impairment	Approximately 10% of elders over the age of 70 years have significant memory loss and more than half of these individuals have AD	Schuff et al., 2009