Table 2.
Neuropsychological test scores and analyses. Neuropsychological test results are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. All test scores were converted to standard z-scores. Higher z-scores indicate better performance. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted with Group as the independent variable and each cognitive domain as the dependent variable, with the Hamilton Depression score as a covariate. Individual neuropsychological subtests also were tested using ANCOVA with Hamilton Depression score as a covariate. The results of the five domains were considered significant at FDR (false discovery rate) corrected p < .05. We report raw p-values. None of the tests were significant after FDR correction.
| Test | HC (n = 24) | PDAR (n = 17) | PDT (n = 15) | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| HC vs PDAR | HC vs PDT | PDAR vs PDT | ||||
| Executive function | ||||||
| Z-scores | .39 ± .40 | .05 ± .59 | .09 ± .37 | .075 | .223 | .788 |
| CWInt Inhibition | .65 ± .70 | .29 ± 1.04 | .53 ± .85 | .866 | .999 | .882 |
| Inhibition Errors | .01 ± .76 | −.49 ± 1.03 | .33 ± .58 | .409 | .360 | .032 |
| CWInt Switch | .65 ± 1.00 | −.08 ± 1.34 | .62 ± .63 | .226 | .998 | .202 |
| Switch Errors | .46 ± .64 | −.08 ± .91 | .47 ± .57 | .195 | .976 | .133 |
| VVT_Total | .20 ± .80 | −.21 ± 1.22 | —.33 ± 1.68 | .971 | .661 | .826 |
| VVT_Switch | .05 ± .87 | −.36 ± 1.15 | —.59 ± 1.77 | .978 | .524 | .686 |
| DesFlu Switch | .69 ± .89 | .55 ± .70 | .22 ± .91 | .786 | .204 | .600 |
| DesFlu Total Correct | .82 ± 1.18 | .12 ± .76 | .18 ± .81 | .286 | .234 | 1.00 |
| DesFlu Total Design | 1.07 ± 1.30 | .59 ± .85 | .80 ± 1.42 | .739 | .897 | .943 |
| DesFlu Design Accuracy | −.36 ± .92 | −.75 ± 1.12 | −.80 ± 1.43 | .531 | .452 | .998 |
| VerbFlu Letter | .01 ± .85 | −.43 ± 1.14 | −.41 ± .85 | .101 | .191 | .900 |
| VerbFlu Category | .46 ± .92 | .29 ± .90 | .08 ± 1.02 | .429 | .245 | .959 |
| Spatial cognition | ||||||
| Z scores | .15 ± .71 | −.31 ± .79 | −.03 ± .58 | .183 | .755 | .505 |
| JoLO | .30 ± 1.42 | −.51 ± 1.50 | .05 ± 1.17 | .252 | .742 | .632 |
| DRS2 Construction | 0 | −.12 ± .33 | 0 | .243 | .997 | .214 |
| Learning/memory | ||||||
| Spatial Memory | .03 ± .84 | −.61 ± 1.35 | −41 ± 1.48 | .695 | .768 | .985 |
| BVMT Learning | .00 ± 1.10 | −.51 ± 1.24 | −.48 ± 1.40 | .828 | .693 | .981 |
| BVMT Delayed Recall | .21 ± 1.24 | −.27 ± 1.20 | −.01 ± 1.32 | .975 | .999 | .977 |
| BVMT Discrimination Indexa | −.10 ± 1.29 | −1.05 ± 2.24 | −.74 ± 2.14 | .558 | .715 | .951 |
| Verbal Memory | −.57 ± 1.15 | −.55 ± 1.00 | −.43 ± .66 | .982 | .959 | .898 |
| HVLT Total Learning | .49 ± 1.15 | −.64 ± 1.03 | −.78 ± .92 | .717 | .571 | .983 |
| HVLT Delayed Recall | −.65 ± 1.25 | −.68 ± 1.09 | −.42 ± .98 | .967 | .877 | .760 |
| HVLT Discrimination Indexa | −.57 ± 1.47 | −.33 ± 1.31 | −.09 ± .62 | .896 | .544 | .846 |
| Attention/working memory | ||||||
| Z-scores | .62 ± .68 | .29 ± .50 | .41 ± .64 | .301 | .576 | .845 |
| Letter Number Sequencing | .43 ± .75 | .33 ± .88 | .09 ± .82 | .818 | .357 | .765 |
| Spatial Span | .44 ± .90 | .22 ± .90 | .44 ± 1.16 | .913 | .990 | .855 |
| Digit Span | .42 ± .68 | .20 ± .71 | .29 ± .74 | .301 | .642 | .791 |
CWInt = Color-Word Interference Test; VVT = Visual Verbal Test; DesFlu = Design Fluency; VerbFlu = Verbal Fluency; JoLO = Judgment of Line Orientation; BVMT-R = Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; HVLT-R = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised.
Discrimination index scores are an index of recognition memory load on calculation of number of Hits –number of False Alarms.