Table 2.
Characteristics of research participants, according to malaria antigenemia.
| Entire study population N (%) | Children with malaria n (%) | Children without malaria n (%) | Odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) | OR adjusted (95% CI) | p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study site | ||||||
| Butembo | 397 (61) | 86 (21) | 311 (79) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Beni | 82 (13) | 19 (23) | 63 (77) | 1.1 (0.62–1.9) | 1.3 (0.66–2.4) | 0.47 |
| Goma | 168 (26) | 18 (11) | 150 (89) | 0.43 (0.25–0.74) | 0.45 (0.24–0.84) | 0.012 |
| Age (year) | ||||||
| <1 | 9 (1.4) | 1 (11) | 8 (89) | 1.1 (0.93–1.3) | 1.2 (0.96–1.4) | 0.13 |
| 1 | 142(22) | 14 (10) | 128 (90) | |||
| 2 | 183(28) | 42 (23) | 141 (77) | |||
| 3 | 161(25) | 35 (22) | 126 (78) | |||
| 4 | 121(19) | 28 (23) | 93 (77) | |||
| 5 | 30(4.6) | 3 (10) | 27 (90) | |||
| Household size | ||||||
| 1 to 5 | 253(39) | 40 (16) | 213 (84) | 1.1 (0.98–1.1) | 1.0 (0.96–1.1) | 0.28 |
| 6 to 10 | 348(54) | 73 (21) | 275 (79) | |||
| >10 | 41(6.4) | 8 (20) | 33 (80) | |||
| Children <5 years old per household | ||||||
| 1 | 236(37) | 31 (13) | 205 | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 0.026 |
| 2 | 326(51) | 75 (23) | 251 (77) | |||
| 3 | 62(9.8) | 13 (21) | 49 (79) | |||
| 4 | 10(1.6) | 1 (10) | 9 (90) | |||
| 7 | 1 (0.16) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | |||
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| 1st (poorest) | 161(25) | 35 (22) | 126 (78) | 1.0 | 1.2 (0.94–1.5) | 0.14 |
| 2nd | 211(33) | 40 (19) | 171 (81) | 0.82 (0.51–1.4) | ||
| 3rd | 18(2.8) | 4 (22) | 14 (78) | 1.0 (0.32–3.3) | ||
| 4th | 126(20) | 18 (14) | 108 (86) | 0.60 (0.32–1.1) | ||
| 5th (wealthiest) | 128(20) | 25 (20) | 103 (80) | 0.87 (0.49–1.6) | ||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| No formal education | 138(22) | 41 (30) | 97 (70) | 1.0 | 1.0 | |
| Primary | 241(38) | 41 (17) | 200 (83) | 0.49 (0.30–0.80) | 0.46 (0.27–0.80) | 0.005 |
| Beyond primary | 262(41) | 39 (15) | 223(85) | 0.41 (0.25–0.68) | 0.41(0.22–0.77) | 0.005 |
| Bednet | ||||||
| Do not use | 473(74) | 95 (20) | 378 (80) | 1.0 | 0.87 (0.52–1.4) | 0.58 |
| Use | 169(26) | 27 (16) | 142 (84) | 0.76 (0.47–1.2) | ||
| Mobile phone ownership | ||||||
| Does not own | 319 (49) | 71 (58) | 248 (47) | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.34–1.3) | 0.26 |
| Own | 328 (51) | 52 (42) | 276 (53) | 0.66 (0.44–0.98) | ||
| HIV serostatus | ||||||
| Positive | 8(1.2) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | 4.3 (1.0–17) | 5.1 (1.1–24) | 0.039 |
| Negative | 636(99) | 121 (19) | 515 (81) | 1.0 | ||
*
p-value refers to statistical significance in the multivariable model
**
The number of children with missing data for each variable can be found in Supplemental Table 1.