Table 1.

Electrode geometries and arrangements used in DEP for biomedical applications.

Electrode Geometry	Applications	Advantages	References
Electrodeless Insulator-based DEP (iDEP)	Particle trapping of nanoscale bio particles	High vast localized electric field gradient	[36,37,38,39]
Rectangular electrode	Determination of nanoparticles concentration	Manipulate particle spacing to observe various particle conditions	[40]
	Liquid pumping manipulation in microchannel electrode	Obviate pumping and leakage problems in close channel	[41]
Cylindrical electrodes	Immobilization of protein molecules	Label free protein molecule quantification	[42]
	Single cells characterization manipulation	Antiparallel DEP field	[43]
Interdigitated electrode	Cell differentiation	Cell characterization based on bio-electrical properties	[44]
	Nanoparticles quantification	Real time image quantification method of nanoparticles	[45]
	Particle motion prediction	High throughput and low energy consumption	[46]
Circular electrode	Infected cell discrimination	Simple results’ interpretation by crossover frequencies	[18]
	Particle separation	Low volume of sample	[47]