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. 2017 Mar 10;4(1):43–53. doi: 10.1007/s40521-017-0117-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Fig. 1 — Innate lymphoid cells. Three groups of non-cytotoxic lineage negative ILCs are defined as ILC1, ILC2, and ILC3. ILCs express the subunits of cytokine receptors such as interleukin (IL)-2 receptor-α (CD25) and IL-7 receptor-α (CD127) but do not express the somatically rearranged antigen receptors as T and B cells and lack antigen specificity. Thus exhibit functions in an antigen-independent manner. ILC1s produce IFN-γ in response to IL-12 and IL-18 providing immunity to intracellular bacteria and parasites. Whereas ILC2s are stimulated by IL-25, IL-33, or TSLP to produce Th2 cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13, and IL-9 causing allergic inflammation. ILC2s also provide immunity to helminths as well as tissue repair. The ILC3s are driven by IL-23, IL-1β to produce IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ, which promote immunity to extracellular bacteria and tissue repair.