Table 2.
Characteristic of TLRs Showing Their Tissue and Cell Localization, Specific Ligand Interactions and Disease Involvement
| Toll Like Receptor Type | Cell Type | Ligands | Involvement in the Disease Development |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| TLR1 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, | • Soluble factors of bacterial and mycobacterial cell wall | |
| • Mast cells | • G+, G− bacterial triacylated lipopeptides | ||
| • monocytes/macrophages | |||
| • human blood dendritic cells | |||
| • B cells | |||
| • Keranocytes | |||
| • Mucosal epithelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR2 | • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils | • G+ bacterial peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acids | • Inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization |
| • Mast cells | • Phenol-soluble modulin | • Intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury | |
| • small airway epithelial cells | • Di- and triacylated lipopeptides, lipoproteins | • Innate immunity | |
| • airway smooth muscle cells, | • Outer-membrane porins | • Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM1A) | |
| • type II alveolar epithelial cells | • Outer-surface protein – OspA | • cardiomyopathy | |
| • tracheal muscle layer, | • factors of mycobacterial cell wall | ||
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Zymosan | ||
| • glial cells | • Protozoan cell membrane glycolipids | ||
| • murine bone-marrow derived mast cells | • Wild-type H protein | ||
| • B cells | • HSV-1, CMV viruses envelope proteins | ||
| • Human blood dendritic cells | • Host HSP70 | ||
| • NK cells | • Parasites proteins | ||
| • Keranocytes | |||
| • Mucosal epithelial cells | |||
| • Human endothelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR3 | • Mature human blood dendritic cells | • Viral and host double-stranded RNA | • Antiviral and immunostimulatory defense mechanism |
| • NK cells | • Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid | • Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM1A) | |
| • Keranocytes | • cardiomyopathy | ||
| • Mucosal epithelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR4 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils | • G− bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) | • Inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic plaque destabilization |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Fusion protein of respiratory syncytial virus | • Intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury | |
| • human blood dendritic cells | • Murine mammary tumour virus | • unstable angina | |
| • B cells | • Moloney murine leukaemia virus | • asthma | |
| • Keranocytes | • Paclitaxel | • Innate immunity | |
| • Pulmonary epithelial cells | • Host extravascular fibrinogen/fibrin | • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) | |
| • intestinal epithelial cells | • Host oligosaccharide fragments of hyaluronan | • Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM1A) | |
| • corneal epithelial cells | • Host extra domain A of fibronectin | • cardiomyopathy | |
| • Human endothelial cells | • Host polysaccharide fragments of heparan sulphate | ||
| • Heat-shock protein 60 | |||
| • Heat-shock protein 70 | |||
|
| |||
| TLR5 | • neutrophils | • Flagellin | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Single stranded DNA | ||
| • human blood dendritic cells | |||
| • NK cells | |||
| • Keranocytes | |||
| • Basolateral intestinal epithelial cells | |||
| • Mucosal epithelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR6 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, | • Diacylated lipopeptides | |
| • Mast cells | • Zymosan | ||
| • monocytes/macrophages | |||
| • B cells | |||
| • Mucosal epithelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR7 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, | • Imidazoquinolines | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Flagellin | ||
| • myeloid human blood dendritic cells | • Single stranded DNA | ||
| • B cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR8 | • Neutrophils | • Viral single-stranded RNA | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Guanosine and uridine-rich ssRNA HIV-1 oligonucleotides | ||
|
| |||
| TLR9 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, | • Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides | • Autoimmune diabetes mellitus (DM1A) |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • Viral genomic DNA | • cardiomyopathy | |
| • myeloid human blood dendritic cells | |||
| • B cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR10 | • Neutrophils, eosinophils, | • not yet identified | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | |||
| • B cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR11 | • Neutrophils | • Uropathogenic bacteria | • preventing infection of internal organs of the urogenital system |
| • monocytes/macrophages | • soluble extract of the tachyzoite | ||
| • liver, kidneys, and bladder epithelial cells | |||
|
| |||
| TLR12 | • Neutrophils | • not yet identified | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | |||
|
| |||
| TLR13 | • Neutrophils | • not yet identified | |
| • monocytes/macrophages | |||