Table 1.
Patient Characteristics
| N (%) Mean/Median (SD/IQR) |
Association with Early Shunt Occlusion (p-value) |
Association with 30-day Mortality (p-value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex (female) | 33 (40.7%) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Gestational age <37wks | 39 (18.7%) | 1.000 | 0.849 |
| Small for gestational age (SGA) | 17 (21.3%) | 0.780 | 0.834 |
| Cardiac anatomy | --- | --- | --- |
| Pulmonary atresia | 27 (33.3%) | 0.929 | --- |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 16 (20.0%) | 0.821 | 0.586 |
| VSD / PS | 12 (14.8%) | REF | REF |
| Tricuspid atresia | 11 (13.6%) | 0.606 | --- |
| Other single ventricle | 14 (17.3%) | --- | 0.875 |
| Preoperative ventilation | 18 (22.5%) | 0.105 | 0.890 |
| Extracardiac malformation | 16 (20%) | 1.000 | 0.794 |
| Hematocrit, first in ICU | 42 (38-46) | 0.009* | 0.109 |
| Platelet count, first in ICU | 176 (96-260) | 0.609 | 0.823 |
| Use of cardiopulmonary bypass | 55 (68.8%) | 0.644 | 1.000 |
| Shunt type | --- | --- | 0.250 |
| Norwood with m-BT shunt | 28 (35.0%) | 0.423 | --- |
| m-BT shunt | 39 (48.8%) | 1.000 | --- |
| Central shunt | 12 (15.0%) | REF | REF |
| Shunt size | --- | 0.175§ | 0.940§ |
| 3 | 1 (1.3%) | --- | --- |
| 3.5 | 45 (57.7%) | --- | --- |
| 4 | 27 (34.6%) | --- | --- |
| 5 | 5 (6.4%) | --- | --- |
| Pulmonary artery plasty | 10 (12.5%) | 0.186 | 0.444 |
| Intraoperative Volume of PRBCs transfused** | 100 (78-129) | 0.573 | 0.948 |
| Intraoperative Volume balance | 27 (0-70) | 0.441 | 0.946 |
| Postoperative Volume cell saver transfused** | 36 (28-54) | 0.721 | 0.144 |
| Postoperative Volume of PRBCs transfused** | 15 (10-24) | 1.000 | 0.001* |
| Postoperative Volume of Platelets transfused** | 14 (10-15) | 0.863 | 0.140 |
| Postoperative Volume of FFP transfused** | 9 (8-13) | 1.000 | 1.000 |
| Initial postoperative PaO2 | 40 (36-48) | 0.927 | <0.000* |
| Inotrope score | 5 (0-10) | 0.196 | 0.039* |
| Late operative era*** | 19 (23.8%) | <0.000* | 1.000 |
Numbers represent means/medians (SD/IQR) for continuous variables and numbers (%) for categorical variables. All p-values calculated using univariable, logistic regression, considering the effects of clustering by surgeon.
p-values calculated using shunt size as a continuous variable. Shunt sizes were also tested indexed to patient weight with similar results (p=0.312 & p=0.876, respectively).
Indicates p< 0.05.
Transfusion volumes of packed red blood cells (PRBCs), cell saver, and platelets, and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) were measured as the total volume per kilogram either in the operating room or in first 24 postoperative hours (or until shunt occlusion). Postoperative median volumes are calculated including only those patients who received PRBC (n=11), platelet (n=7), or FFP transfusions within the first 24 postoperative hours.
Late operative era is defined as an operation occurring on or after July 1, 2014.
VSD / PS = Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary atresia