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. 2017 Apr 1;39:13. doi: 10.1186/s41021-017-0074-z

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Proposed mechanisms of anti-carcinogenic effects of metformin against bladder cancer: (1) metformin induces growth inhibition, (2) metformin regulates insulin and glucose levels, (3) metformin induce cell death, (4) metformin potentiates the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, (5) metformin’s association with oxidative stress, DNA Damage Response (DDR), (6) immune and hypothalamic effects of metformin and (7) autophagy effects of metformin