Table 2-1.
Pooled analysis of overall cancer incidence according to quintile of fruit and vegetable consumption in Japanese men, 1990–2006.
| Lowest |
Second |
Third |
Fourth |
Highest |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | for trend | ||
| Total fruit and vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 217,070 | 218,667 | 218,957 | 217,783 | 214,059 | |||
| Number of cases | 2081 | 2091 | 2152 | 2288 | 2348 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1120 | 1110 | 1084 | 1082 | 1080 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.25 | 0.91 | 0.74 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 0.54 | 0.96 | 0.78 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | 0.77 | 0.99 | 0.78 |
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 217,028 | 217,845 | 218,569 | 218,887 | 214,208 | |||
| Number of cases | 2218 | 2143 | 2156 | 2130 | 2313 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1160 | 1117 | 1108 | 1022 | 1075 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.97) | <0.01 | 0.78 | 0.44 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.10) | 1.00 | 0.57 | 0.42 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.00 | 0.89 | 0.60 |
| Fruits, excluding juice | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 217,320 | 217,056 | 218,160 | 218,274 | 215,726 | |||
| Number of cases | 2216 | 2127 | 2043 | 2244 | 2330 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1167 | 1152 | 1060 | 1076 | 1034 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.97) | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | <0.001 | 0.58 | 0.52 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 0.96 | 0.38 | 0.72 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.90 | 0.50 | 0.52 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 217,282 | 218,471 | 218,766 | 218,076 | 213,941 | |||
| Number of cases | 2016 | 2029 | 2203 | 2280 | 2432 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1083 | 1072 | 1100 | 1092 | 1118 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.94 | 0.92 | 0.88 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.18 | 0.81 | 0.86 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.10) | 1.08 (1.01,1.15) | 0.18 | 0.62 | 0.73 |
| Vegetables, excluding pickles | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 217,262 | 219,134 | 218,069 | 218,261 | 213,810 | |||
| Number of cases | 2025 | 2036 | 2252 | 2278 | 2369 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1079 | 1061 | 1126 | 1107 | 1091 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.93 | 0.82 | 0.94 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.07 (0.997, 1.16) | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.14) | 0.10 | 0.73 | 0.82 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.17) | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15) | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.77 |
| Green and yellow vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 18,354 | 18,358 | 18,355 | 18,358 | 18,354 | |||
| Person-years | 216,692 | 218,424 | 218,289 | 217,287 | 215,844 | |||
| Number of cases | 2083 | 2001 | 2157 | 2311 | 2408 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 956 | 1084 | 1106 | 1095 | 1059 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.91, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.58 | 0.78 | 0.94 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.97, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.99 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.98, 1.11) | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.71 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
ASR, age-standardized rate; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
HR1 was adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only). HR2 and 3: further adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, <19, 19–39, or ≥40 cigarettes/day for men), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). HR3 excluded diagnosed or deceased cases of any cancers during the first 3 years of follow-up. Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.