Table 2-2.
Pooled analysis of overall cancer incidence according to quintile of fruit and vegetable consumption in Japanese women, 1990–2006.
| Lowest |
Second |
Third |
Fourth |
Highest |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | For trend | ||
| Total fruit and vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 245,257 | 246,517 | 248,367 | 246,836 | 245,414 | |||
| Number of cases | 1331 | 1269 | 1313 | 1382 | 1426 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 579 | 544 | 552 | 573 | 583 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.86 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.78 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.14) | 0.55 | 0.41 | 0.52 |
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 244,973 | 246,783 | 248,180 | 247,496 | 244,959 | |||
| Number of cases | 1375 | 1278 | 1321 | 1301 | 1446 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 588 | 554 | 554 | 539 | 598 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.86 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.97 | 0.80 | 0.77 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.14) | 0.86 | 0.59 | 0.46 |
| Fruits, excluding juice | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 244,709 | 245,699 | 247,885 | 247,934 | 246,163 | |||
| Number of cases | 1374 | 1262 | 1327 | 1312 | 1446 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 589 | 546 | 563 | 542 | 592 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.86 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.01) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.10) | 0.99 | 0.89 | 0.85 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.02) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.96 | 0.91 | 0.68 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 245,417 | 246,791 | 247,663 | 246,524 | 245,995 | |||
| Number of cases | 1327 | 1328 | 1274 | 1402 | 1390 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 576 | 572 | 539 | 584 | 563 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.09) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.74 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.99 | 0.65 | 0.72 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 1.00 | 0.54 | 0.63 |
| Vegetable, excluding pickles | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 245,703 | 247,306 | 247,225 | 246,562 | 245,594 | |||
| Number of cases | 1329 | 1313 | 1363 | 1317 | 1399 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 585 | 582 | 577 | 550 | 569 | |||
| HR1 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.10) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.99 | 0.34 | 0.57 | |
| HR2 | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | 1.00 | 0.28 | 0.50 | |
| HR3 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) | 1.00 | 0.22 | 0.29 | |
| Green and yellow vegetables | ||||||||
| Number of subjects | 19,946 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,949 | 19,947 | |||
| Person-years | 244,769 | 246,500 | 246,852 | 247,565 | 246,705 | |||
| Number of cases | 1365 | 1286 | 1325 | 1354 | 1391 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 595 | 558 | 566 | 561 | 557 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.64 | 0.93 | 0.98 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.11) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.98 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.05) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.04) | 0.89 | 0.96 | 0.96 |
ASR, age-standardized rate; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
HR1 was adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only). HR2 and 3: further adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). HR3 excluded diagnosed or deceased cases of any cancers during the first 3 years of follow-up. Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.