Table 3.
Pooled analysis of overall cancer incidence according to quintile of fruit and vegetable consumption, stratified by smoking status, in Japanese men and women.
| Lowest |
Second |
Third |
Fourth |
Highest |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | for trend | ||
| Men (19,299 never smokers and 70,924 ever smokers) | ||||||||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Never smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 324 | 344 | 284 | 364 | 357 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.3) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.1) | 1.08 (0.92, 1.28) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.86 | 0.88 | 0.88 |
| Ever smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1825 | 1736 | 1820 | 1761 | 1957 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.1) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.39 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Never smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 311 | 292 | 321 | 368 | 381 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.77, 1.07) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 0.37 | 0.49 | 0.79 |
| Ever smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1650 | 1706 | 1828 | 1883 | 2032 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.95, 1.09) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.78 |
| Women (80,600 never smokers and 8300 ever smokers) | ||||||||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Never smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1084 | 1039 | 1044 | 1061 | 1153 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.13) | 0.96 | 0.54 | 0.51 |
| Ever smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 134 | 119 | 105 | 122 | 119 | |||
| HR | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.86 (0.67, 1.11) | 0.86 (0.66, 1.11) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.22) | 0.90 (0.70, 1.15) | 0.85 | 0.74 | 0.78 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Never smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1058 | 1053 | 1014 | 1159 | 1097 | |||
| HR | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.1) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 0.96 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.98 | 0.35 | 0.91 |
| Ever smokers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 108 | 132 | 121 | 109 | 129 | |||
| HR | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.19 (0.93, 1.53) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) | 0.93 (0.64, 1.37) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.42) | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.53 |
Hazard ratios were adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only), total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, <19, 19–39, or ≥40 cigarette/day for men; never, past, or current for women), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.