Table 4.
Pooled analysis of overall cancer incidence according to quintile of fruit and vegetable consumption, stratified by alcohol drinking, in Japanese men and women.
| Lowest |
Second |
Third |
Fourth |
Highest |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | For trend | ||
| Men (29,057 non-drinkers or occasional drinkers and 59,737 drinkers) | ||||||||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Non-drinkers or occasional drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 693 | 634 | 665 | 702 | 790 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.95, 1.17) | 0.51 | 0.88 | 0.86 |
| Drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1460 | 1384 | 1436 | 1348 | 1458 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.00 (0.89, 1.11) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 0.95 | 0.60 | 0.22 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Non-drinkers or occasional drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 639 | 638 | 687 | 726 | 794 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.92, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | 1.11 (0.998, 1.23) | 0.39 | 0.55 | 0.73 |
| Drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1301 | 1289 | 1436 | 1500 | 1560 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 1.03 (0.96, 1.11) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.29 | 0.45 | 0.46 |
| Women (79,055 nondrinkers or occasional drinkers and 11,369 drinkers) | ||||||||
| Fruits | ||||||||
| Non-drinkers or occasional drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1129 | 1042 | 1068 | 1074 | 1142 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.00 | 0.58 | 0.45 |
| Drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 127 | 115 | 118 | 132 | 144 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.70, 1.45) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.24) | 1.11 (0.84, 1.45) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.49) | 0.69 | 0.74 | 0.72 |
| Vegetables | ||||||||
| Non-drinkers or occasional drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 1078 | 1074 | 1031 | 1152 | 1120 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.13) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.98 | 0.20 | 0.92 |
| Drinkers | ||||||||
| Number of cases | 128 | 121 | 121 | 132 | 134 | |||
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.75, 1.24) | 0.94 (0.73, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.25) | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.17 |
Hazard ratios were adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only), total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, <19, 19–39, or ≥40 cigarette/day for men; never, past, or current for women), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.