Table 5-1.
Pooled analysis of total cancer incidence according to frequency of fruit and vegetable intake among 120,964 Japanese men, 1990–2006.
| Almost never |
1-2/week |
3-4/week |
Almost daily |
p for trend | p for heterogeneity |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | for the highest category | For trend | ||
| Total fruit and vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 1419 | 2399 | 4084 | 111,961 | |||
| Person-years | 14,022 | 27,155 | 46,281 | 1,260,207 | |||
| Number of cases | 186 | 259 | 403 | 12,747 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1168 | 1034 | 1111 | 1096 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.73, 1.13) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.07) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.07) | 1.00 | 0.41 | 0.61 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.72, 1.16) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.1) | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.99 | 0.37 | 0.54 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.22) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 0.84 | 0.81 | 0.70 |
| Fruits | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 21,334 | 20,521 | 25,347 | 53,251 | |||
| Person-years | 235,870 | 238,040 | 291,188 | 588,616 | |||
| Number of cases | 2433 | 2170 | 2735 | 6325 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1139 | 1106 | 1086 | 1076 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.997) | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.45 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.1) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 1.00 | 0.21 | 0.37 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.02 (0.92, 1.13) | 1.00 (0.92, 1.07) | 1.03 (0.95, 1.12) | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.28 |
| Fruits, excluding juice | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 24,401 | 19,825 | 17,380 | 30,938 | |||
| Person-years | 279,605 | 245,514 | 214,934 | 354,828 | |||
| Number of cases | 2916 | 2204 | 2056 | 3886 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1188 | 1176 | 1158 | 1087 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.94 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.85, 0.94) | <0.01 | 0.45 | 0.48 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.92 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.74 |
| Vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 2641 | 3942 | 6530 | 107,041 | |||
| Person-years | 27,695 | 44,538 | 73,935 | 1,204,774 | |||
| Number of cases | 335 | 400 | 644 | 12,254 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1155 | 1049 | 1037 | 1099 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.80, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 1.00 | 0.64 | 0.99 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | 0.95 | 0.73 | 0.97 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.81, 1.14) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | 0.84 | 0.94 | 0.77 |
| Vegetables, excluding pickles | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 6318 | 5797 | 15,681 | 92,736 | |||
| Person-years | 68,320 | 65,009 | 180,846 | 1,040,467 | |||
| Number of cases | 756 | 587 | 1618 | 10,717 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1160 | 1068 | 1050 | 1099 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.01) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.99 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.91 (0.82, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.07) | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 0.91 | 0.79 | 0.86 |
| Green and yellow vegetables | |||||||
| Number of subjects | 12,418 | 15,054 | 27,422 | 65,748 | |||
| Person-years | 132,772 | 162,075 | 306,687 | 754,274 | |||
| Number of cases | 1396 | 1509 | 2920 | 7869 | |||
| ASR (per 100,000) | 1131 | 1057 | 1088 | 1097 | |||
| HR1 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.10) | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.86, 1.03) | 0.69 | 0.07 | 0.49 |
| HR2 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 0.99 (0.92, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.00 | 0.13 | 0.83 |
| HR3 | 1.0 (Ref.) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.15) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.40 |
ASR, age-standardized rate; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
HR1 was adjusted for age (continuous), area (for JPHC-I, JPHC-II only). HR2 and 3: further adjusted for total energy intake (quintile), smoking status (never, past, <19, 19–39, or ≥40 cigarettes/day), alcohol consumption (non, occasional, <23, 23–45, or ≥46 g ethanol/day), body mass index in kg/m2 (14–18.9, 19–20.9, 21–22.9, 23–24.9, 25–26.9, 27–29.9, or 30–40 kg/m2), history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no), and screening examination (yes or no; any kind of the following cancer screening for JPHC-I: chest X-ray, sputum test, photofluorography, gastrointestinal endoscopy, fecal occult blood test, barium enema, or colonoscopy; any kind of screening examination for JPHC-II; and chest X-ray, gastric cancer examination, Pap smear, mammography, or complete medical checkup for MIYAGI and OHSAKI). HR3 excluded diagnosed or deceased cases of any cancers during the first 3 years of follow-up. Linear trends across quintiles of fruit and vegetable intake were tested using 0 to 4 for each quintile as an ordinal variable.